Production vs Operation Management Essay Example for Free

output vs Operation Management EssayProduction management and operations management are management jargon that needs to be simplified for those who are sitting on the fence or those inside an organization unable to comprehend them clearly. Sometimes it becomes confusing to be talking close to production management inside operations management but they are separate and distinct entities in the study of management as ultimately, production is a part of the whole cycle of operations. Read on to clarify the doubts.Operations ManagementThe study of set of activities comprising supervision, planning and designing of business operations in the field of manufacturing of goods and services is termed as operations management. The purpose of operations management is to make certain that the operations of a business are efficient and utile and result in minimum of wastage. Operations management tries to cut down resources involved in operations while at the same time devising operations more effective and productive. In fact operations management is more concerned on processes than people or products. Operations management in a nutshell is using physical resources in an optimum manner, converting input into output, so as to supply to the market the sought after and finished product.Production ManagementProduction management on the other hand focuses specifically on the production of goods and services and is concentrated upon churning output from input. It is a broad sum of activities that go into turning raw material into final, finished product. One may feel that production management is a subset of operations management, but production management in itself is a broad subject that comprises production planning and control, inventory management, and operations control. Production management includes all management activities spanning selection. Designing, operating, controlling and updating production system.In briefOperations vs Production Management Both produ ction management and operations management play an important role in an organization in increasing the efficiency and productivity. While operations management is focused upon administration, planning and execution of operations involved in production of goods and services and trying to play down the resources at the same time increasing output, production management is more concerned with input/output and churning out products in the shape of desired finished product.

Demographics of Online Shoppers

Demographics of Online ShoppersAbstractThis dissertation aims at developing profiles of Greek consumers who have already conducted leverages through the meshing and of the consumers who argon willing to require the Internet obtain as an innovation. Measurement of the demographic and behavioural data, investigation of the trends and poses of the online consumers toward online raiment obtain. The research will provide insightful preliminary data based on the diminutive profiles of Internet shoppers (innovators) and interested-to-adopt Internet shopping (early adopters). The empirical findings will provide valu suitable managerial implications while setting the foundation for future research in this topic. intromissionThe immenseness of the searchInternet gained the trust of to a greater extent(prenominal) than than than 1,5 billion users around the globe (world Stats, 2009) and became the most important tool of almost either international line (Mc donald and Tobin, 1998 Rha et al., 2002 Urban, 2003). The majority of the web users is taking wages of the globalization and the online prices.In somewhat countries the percentage of the online shoppers is reaching the 95% correspond to the Nielsen Online Report (2008). The same get across indicates that the users which p key out the meshing for frequent gets is 39% and about 84% of the users concluded the purchase of a produce once every month through the Internet the last ii years of the study. The total sales in Europe are expected to be more than 407 billion dollars by the end of the 2011. According to the same report UK, France and Germ any(prenominal) deport more than 70 percent of the total European sales followed by Italy and Spain.The structures of the web sites profess differences because of the culture except also common characteristics (Okazaki et al., 2006). In the next few years because of the globalization of the media in that respect is evidence of a new global culture, the digi tal culture (Deuze, 2006)Hofman and Novak (1996) described the online get dressed shopping as a new kind of consumer air match to computer mediated shopping environment. The researchers seek to develop the past theories of customers style while retailers seek to gain successful strategies by knowing better their customers ( goldworker and Mcgregor, 1999).Paisley According Paisley to Paisley Lohse Paisley and Paisley Spiller Paisley (1998, Paisley p.81) Paisley there Paisley are Paisley large Paisley differences Paisley in the midst of Paisley a Paisley physical Paisley store Paisley and Paisley its Paisley electronic Paisley likeness Paisley and Paisley the Paisley online Paisley shopping Paisley by Paisley nature Paisley is Paisley an Paisley innovating Paisley experience Paisley (Wang Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1998). PaisPaisley Donthu Paisley and Paisley Garcia Paisley (1999) Paisley conducted Paisley a Paisley relevant Paisley survey Paisley and Paisley the Paisley findings Paisley clearly Paisley showed Paisley that Paisley the Paisley Internet Paisley shoppers Paisley are Paisley moremmm more Paisley in advance(p) Paisley in Paisley contrast Paisley to Paisley Internet Paisley non-shoppers.The Paisley key Paisley task Paisley is Paisley to Paisley discover Paisley the Paisley actual Paisley and Paisley effectiveness Paisley customer Paisley through Paisley the Paisley fundamental Paisley change Paisley of Paisley the Paisley online Paisley purchases Paisley (Turban Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1999). Paisley Thus, Paisley Paisley this Paisley research Paisley will try Paisley to Paisley emphasize Paisley into Paisley divers(prenominal) Paisley modes Paisley of Paisley consumers (Internet shoppers and interested-to adopt Internet shopping) Paisley and Paisley non Paisley just Paisley through Paisley a Paisley simplistic Paisley analysis.Moreover, the research will highlight the differences and similarities of these consumers groups and to the Internet online apparel shopping, and clearly will provide some of the most important success ingredients that every online retailer should take under consideration.Paisley ThetPaisleyThe Research Aims ObjectiveThis Paisley research Paisley aims Paisley to Paisley develop Paisley profiles Paisley of Paisley the Paisley Greek Paisley Internet Paisley online Paisley shoppers Paisley and Paisley of Paisley those Paisley who Paisley are Paisley spill Paisley or Paisley interested Paisley to Paisley adopt Paisley the Paisley internet Paisley shopping Paisley as Paisley an Paisley innovation. Paisley A Paisley special Paisley pore Paisley in Paisley the Paisley process Paisley of Paisley decision Paisley and Paisley diffusion Paisley theories Paisley of Paisley innovation Paisley seems Paisley inevitable Paisley through Paisley the Paisley measurement Paisley of Paisley the Paisley demographic Paisley and Paisley behavioral Paisley characteristics. Paisley Paisley The Paisley general Paisley objective Paisley has Paisley to Paisley center on Paisley in Paisley numerous Paisley specific Paisley aimsTo Paisley examine Paisley the Paisley demographic Paisley and Paisley psychological Paisley characteristics Paisley of Paisley the Paisley Greek Paisley online Paisley shoppers PaisleyTo Paisley probe Paisley the Paisley perceived Paisley risk Paisley next Paisley to Paisley any Paisley online Paisley transactionTo Paisley present Paisley the Paisley previous Paisley online Paisley apparel Paisley shopping Paisley experiences PaisleyTo Paisley develop Paisley a Paisley detailed Paisley profile Paisley of Paisley existing Paisley and Paisley potential Paisley Greek CustomersTo Paisley analyze Paisley theories Paisley and Paisley concepts Paisley that Paisley sack Paisley be Paisley applied Paisley by Paisley the Paisley online Paisley apparel Paisley industryTo Paisley propose Paisley strategies Paisley and Paisley relevant Paisley effective Paisley manager ial Paisley toolsLiterature ReviewThe Importance of Apparel Online obtainFor years researchers examined the reasons that do shoppers to buy from home, focusing on the differences between handed-down retailers and online retailers (Eastlick and Feinberg, 1999 Hawes, 1986). Authors developed a risk-taker profile of the online consumer (versus the in-store consumer) who is ready to perceive a higher risk (Donthu and Garcia, 1999 Schoenbachler and Gordon, 2002 Vijayasarathy and Jones, 2000).Researchers described PPaisley the online purchase of Paisley apparel Paisley products a decision with incr relieverd perceived risk Paisley (Bhatnagar Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2000 Paisley PaisleHawes Paisley and Paisley Lumpkin, Paisley 1986). Paisley Internet Paisley shoppers are skeptical Paisley are scepticalPaisley to Paisley purchase or non Paisle PaisleyPaisley apparel Paisley products online Paisley Paisley because Paisley of Paisley the Paisley uncertainty Paisley next to the Pai sley fit, Paisley fabric Paisley and Paisley color Paisley (Bhatnagar Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2000).PaisleyPeople Paisley with a Paisley higher Paisley income(Leung, Paisley 1998 Paisley Pepermans Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1996 Paisley Summers, Paisley 1972), Paisley easy Paisley educated(Leung, Paisley 1998 Paisley Pepermans Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1996 Paisley Rogers, Paisley 1995), Paisley and Paisley with Paisley an Paisley occupational Paisley status Paisley above Paisley the Paisley average(Rogers, Paisley 1995), Paisley in Paisley general Paisley are Paisley innovators Paisley and Paisley will Paisley adopt Paisley first Paisley new Paisley products Paisley and Paisley services.Paisley Therefore, Paisley the Paisley innovators Paisley might Paisley adopt Paisley the Paisley internet Paisley as Paisley a Paisley tool Paisley for Paisley apparel Paisley shopping Paisley tear down Paisley though underliesPaisley underlies Paisley a Paisley higher Paisley risk. Gender Paisley is Paisley among Paisley the Paisley factors we need to emphasizePaisley whichww and previousPaisley Paisley research Paisley showed Paisley that Paisley women Paisley are Paisley more Paisley ripe Paisley than Paisley men Paisley (Goldsmith Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1987). Paisley In Paisley a Paisley household Paisley the Paisley primary Paisley shoppers Paisley for Paisley apparel Paisley products Paisley are Paisley the female Paisley femalefffFFFFffffffffffer2wewsxxcdf45421sPaisley (Dholakia Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 1995). Paisley Among Paisley young Paisley consumers Paisley (students) Paisley the Paisley differences Paisley are Paisley not Paisley that Paisley obvious Paisley but Paisley mainly Paisley focus Paisley on Paisley different Paisley shopping Paisley habits Paisley (Dholakia Paisley and Paisley Chiang, Paisley 2003). Paisley Paisley Paisley Paisley Paisley PaisleyConsumer CharacteristicsPurchasers because of their different charac teristics approaching the online apparel stores with many different ways and receiving different messages, which may affect their online purchases (Cheung et al., 2003). Therefore, we will have to emphasize to these characteristics because of their importance. Previous online purchase experiences, characteristics based on their personalities and the level of their modern commending when they go online to shop (Cheung et al., 2003) need to be discussed.PersonalitiesThe online shopping behaviors of the consumers are close attached to their personalities and may affect their choice of the online apparel stores and products (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001). Therefore, we need to focus in two main consumers personalities The utilitarian and hedonic personalities.Utilitarian ConsumersUtilitarian consumers buying online based on their mark point shopping behaviors. Shopping is made according to their goals and rational necessary needs (Kim shim, 2002). They are arduous to deliberate thei r shopping habits through rationality and efficiency and they are not searching for any kind of entertainment through shopping (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001).Main aspect is to conclude their online shopping experience efficiently and in time without any kind of superfluous irritation (Monsuwe, Dellaert Ruyter, 2004). Moreover, their instrumental characteristics guide their shopping experiences efficiently to a task oriented behavior (Sorce, Perotti Widrick, 2005) They are in search for sites offering variety of products, convenience, ease of access and multiple learning among others (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001).Hedonic ConsumersHedonic consumers defined according to experiential buying behavior. Their concern is not to gather as many knowledge they are able to but at first to seek happiness sensory stimulation and some sort of enjoyable experiences (Monsuwe, Dellaert Ruyter, 2004). The hedonic consumers are trying to immerse into the experience in a greater way than achieving thei r goals by shopping online (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001).They are trying to combine shopping with enjoyable experiences, playful sites and singularity (Sorce et al., 2005). Consequently, the hedonists when they get satisfied are increasing their visits and purchases to their favorite online apparel stores (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001).Main differences between hedonic (experiential) and utilitarian (goal oriented) consumers behaviors.Their differences in personality, motivation and key aspect leads to a different interaction with the online apparel stores. The goal-oriented customers are guided from instrumental factors which may admit the ease of access, the available in make upation and the variety of selection. While the goal oriented consumers seek for control the experiential consumers seeking for fun and surprising web stores (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001 Sanchez-Franco Roldan, 2005). A summarization follows in Table 2.1Compulsive shoppingAccording to Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2001) more than 72% of the shoppers are goal oriented and followed some sort of plan on their recent purchases, and 28% of the shoppers are experiential and decided a purchase while they were browsing. Moreover, research has shown that even if the goal oriented customers represent the majority, the experiential consumers and their browsing attitude are welcome, because of their close connection with high impulse purchases and absolute frequency (Wolfinbarger Gilly, 2001).InnovativenessInnovation described as the degree to which an individual . is relatively earlier in adopting new ideas than the other members of a system (Rogers, 1995). Several researchers referred to the different characteristics of the innovative consumers. Most of them arehigher or highest education (Leung, 1998 Pepermans et al., 1996)mostly young consumers (Hirschman and Adcock, 1978)income is higher than the average (Pepermans et al., Summers, 1972)higher social activity (Robertson and Kennedy, 1968 Roggers, 1995)r isk takers (Leung, 1998 Roggers, 1995)opinion leadership (Darden and Reynolds, 1974 Chau and Hui, 1998)women in majority (Goldsmith et al., 1987)Researchers have tried to analyze the intent of gender or/and race on innovation and clearly saw that the women are more likely to be innovative than men.The key aspect of the innovation seems is the new products to adopted by the consumers in the market (Leung, 1998 Pepermans et al., 1996). The higher acceptance of the new innovative products as the World Wide Web, may affect as well the use of the network for purchases(Citrin et al., 2000). The apparel online shoppers described mostly as innovators from other researchers (Goldsmith et al., 1995).Goldsmith and Flynn (2004) defined that online apparel purchasers could not be distinguished from non-purchasers by their demographics, but they were more innovative toward clothing and fashions than the non-purchasers. Online apparel purchasers, however, did use the Internet more and were more innovative toward using the Internet than non-purchasers were. The innovative online consumers more likely will purchase apparel online instead of the non-purchasers which are less innovative.Theoretical FrameworkRogers (1995) proposed a five-stages process for the innovation to be adopted by an individual. The first one is the knowledge stage, a stage on which an individual tries upon previous experience to meet an innovation and its characteristics. The knowledge derives from the social environment, understanding of problems and general innovativeness. The Persuasion stage which is the second one, represents the development of every positive and ban attitude upon innovation as a result of the knowledge stage.The perceived elements (Rogers, 1995) which are going to influence the adoption of an innovation areThe relative advantage in other lyric poem the consumers will assume the advantageous role of the innovation and the adoption will be faster.The compatibility aspect if the consumers recognize in the innovation compatibility with their lifestyle, there is a greater possibility to adopt the innovation.The complexity issue the consumers will examine the innovation and if they think that is easy to use, maybe will adopt earlier the innovation.The trial superpower a trial of the innovation will make it easier for the consumers to adopt it.The observation ability the chance of observing the results of each innovation may speed up the adopt timeframe.Another researcher examined the five elements and discovered that the relative advantage, compatibility aspect, the trial ability and the observation ability are positively connected to adoption of every innovation and complexity issue is negatively connected to the adoption of an innovation.In the decision stage which is the third one, the consumer decides to adopt or to reject the innovation according to his/her attitude created during the persuasion stage (Rogers, 1995).The behavioral change will be visi ble during the fourth stage, the implementation stage. During that stage the consumer will act on his decision of the approval or the rejection of an innovation. Even at this stage the consumer holds a level of uncertainty about the scope of the innovation and will keep collecting information about the innovation. During the last stage according to Rogers (1995), the confirmation stage, the consumer will re-examine the innovation and will reach to a new decision whether or not he will continue to adopt the innovation.Purchasers Browsers and SearchersInternet users have different aspects when they go online. Some users are online because of their intention to buy apparel online (purchasers), but the browsers may not interested to buy online. A search for extra information on the websites is what made them to go online in some of the cases. The searcher is a goal oriented consumer who is online to search for information in a productive way in order to fulfill his goals (Ha Stoel, 20 04). A task oriented behavior, more as pre-purchase deliberation and an intention to conclude a purchase next to the gathering of information online are the characteristics of the searcher.Schlosser (2004), defines the consumer known as a browser, an experiential shopper who seeks more and more for an entertaining experience. If the websites are able to fulfill the aspects of the searchers and browsers may transform them to purchasers.Ha Stoel(2004), assumes that all three kind of potential shoppers (purchasers, browsers and searchers) may show different online shopping attitude on a specific site and may consider the advantages of the online apparel shopping in a different way because of their goals. The browsers and not the searchers according to schlosser (2004), affected more from vivid images.Consumers AttitudesDarwin (1872) mentioned the attitudes as a physical action of a thought. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) through their work Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior An intro duction to Theory and Research focused on the prediction of the human behavior through their system of the reasoned actions. Ajzen (1987) developed the theory of the reasoned actions to the theory of planned behavior. The standard invokeed by Fishbein still is the most popular among researchers but among psychologists is Fazios (1986) attitude accessibility model.Fishbeins Multi-attribute ModelFishbeins claims that the consumers form attributes towards objects on the basis of their pictures ( intelligences and knowledge) about these objects. Since a consumer may hold different beliefs about an object it may be difficult to get the boilers suit perception of a product such as the McDonalds if they are good or bad for the consumers (Perner, 2006).Within this framework a persons attitude toward an object is a function of his beliefs about an object and the implicit evaluative responses associated with those beliefs (Karjaluoto, 2006). Beliefs are acquired by the treat information , which are obtained from direct experiences with objects and from interaction with other sources. Moreover, if there is a need to understand consumers attitudes adequately, a determination of the beliefs that form the basis of these attitudes is necessary (Fishbein and Steiner, 1965).The model focus in three attributes of the attitudeThe salient beliefs people hold about an attitude object, e.g. those beliefs which are the first to come in mindObject-attribute linkages, or the probability, that a particular object has an important attribute.Evaluation of each one of the important attributes.Upon any case, the model created on assumptions that may prove wrong on effortless practice. At first assumes that exists the ability to specify adequately all the relevant attributes. This model also assumes that he/she will go through the process (formally or informally) of identifying a set of relevant attributes, evaluating them and measuring the overall outcome.Without any attempt of quest ioning this model, which is clearly a high-involvement subject, it is still possible that the consumers attitude will be create by an overall affective response (Solomon et al., 1992).Since any kind of object, such as a product or a brand, has numerous attributes (size, features, mould etc), an individual will collect information and develop beliefs quite different according to the provided individual attributes. Positive or negative feelings are also formed on the basis of the beliefs held about the attributes.Thus, the persons overall attitude toward an object is derived from the beliefs and feelings created by the various attributes of the model and that is why the model is referred as a Multi attribute model or as the Fishbeins attitude model (Newman and Foxall, 2003).The Multi attribute model tries to summarize the overall attitudes by using the following equation (Hawkins et al., 1998)WhereAo = the persons overall attitude toward the object-Characteristics of the attitude ob ject (e.g. Reputation of a College)bi = the strength of his belief that the object is related to this attribute (e.g. the strength of belief that Wrangler Jeans are durable, or the belief that on line shopping is a convenient way to shop)ei = the evaluation or intensity of feelings (liking or disliking) toward attribute-the priority consumers place on an object. Some A (attitudes) will be more important than others. i.e. (Library resources, social environmentpriorities).n = the number of relevant beliefs for that person ( Loudon and Bitta, 1994)According to the above mentioned formula the weight of importance of a belief towards an object (bi) is multiplied with the evaluation i.e. of the product. For example, a consumer believes that the taste of a refreshment is moderately important or a 4 in a scale of importance from 1 to 7.He/she also believes that drinking coffee feels very good, or 6 on a scale from 1 to 7.Thus the product overall grade here is 4*6 =24.The customer also belie ves that the potential of a drink to stain is extremely important (7), and coffee fares moderately severely at -4 on this attribute (since this is a negative belief, for this purpose we are taking numbers from -1 to -7 with -7 being worst). The total score for this belief is 7*(-4) =-28.If we hold these two beliefs the aggregated attitude would have been 24+(-28)=-4.In real life, it is obvious that consumers tend to have many more beliefs and their summary will provide an high-fidelity measurement (Perner, 2006).Based on this multi-attribute model, marketers may consider four strategies when attempting to affect behaviorChange the value placed on a particular product attributes (a change in an ei component)Change beliefs (a change in a b1 component)Change the attitude toward the brand (A change in Ao)Change behavioral intentions (a change in BI) or behavior change in B (Assael, 1992)The Fishbeins attitude-towards object model has been relatively successful in predicting, behaviora l intentions arising by various cognitive variables to which they refer (Birtwistle and Shearer, 2001 Doyle and Fenwick, 1974 Fishbein, 1967 Bass and Talarzyk, 1972). For example, excessive usage of the model to measure different advertisements or store brands. The tangible attributes and the utility versus the intangible ,symbolic attributes. However, this approach has not always been effective results for the retail management, as the knowledge of a customers attitude about a brand is not always a safe predictor of their actual behavior (Wicker, 1967).Furthermore, the model allows marketers to focus on the important issues of their consumers. Examines the effectiveness of their brand in providing the necessary attributes, and how marketers stack up against their competitors (Karjaluoto, 2006). By all means a negative response of the consumers to one feature of a brand does not necessarily eliminates the consumers connection with the specific brand.According to Wilkie and Pessemie r (1973) the most important aspect of the multi-attribute model isThe advantage of multi-attribute models is in gaining understanding of attitudinal structure. Diagnosis of brand strengths and weaknesses on relevant product attributes can then be used to suggest specific changes in a brand and its marketing support.The retailers tried to take advantage of the Multi attribute model in a way to predict the behavior of their consumers. Although, the use of the model was contrasted and in some of the cases unacceptable. As a result, the forecast of the consumers behavior was not accurate (Sheppard, 1988)The model was developed to deal with the actual behavior (e.g. taking an aspirin), not with the outcomes of behavior (e.g. allergy), which is assessed in some studies (Solomon et al., 2002)Consumption situations may vary and this is going to influence the strength of the attitude behavior relationship (Bearden and Woodside, 1976). In fact, evidence suggests that consumers attitudes towa rd brands can actually vary depending on the situation (Miller and Ginter, 1979).Time usually elapses while consumers forming attitudes and when they are ready to act on these. During that time, many variables expected and unexpected may intervene to affect behavior. For example, an unexpected need for a new family car could quickly postpone, or cancel, plans to purchase a new motorcycle (Loudon and Bitta, 1994).The consumers attitudes toward some types of behavior are influenced by his evaluation of the perceived consequences (positive or negative) of taking such action. Therefore, these attitudes are more relevant for predicting consumers attitudes toward the objects themselves (Loudon and Bitta, 1994).Consumers are often influenced by their perceptions of what others will think of their actions. Thus, even though a consumer may have a favorable attitude toward making a purchase, he may refrain from doing so because of his perception that other people, who are very important to hi m (such as his/her friends) might not approve his action. This influence noted as native norm (Loudon and Bitta, 1994).New models able to adjust to the formed complexity introduced and the above-mentioned factors were used as a guide. As a result, Fishbein introduced the Behavioral Intentions model (Loudon and Bitta, 1994) in an attempt to escape from the traditional attitude toward object model to a more attitudes towards behavior model (Thoradeniya, 2006).Fishbeins Behavioral Intentions ModelThis revised model presented by Fishbein and contributed by Ajzen (1975), was designed to include the persons evaluation about acting certain behaviour. Their attitude toward the behaviour and additionally the social pressure experienced when performing the behaviour, like the subjective norm (Stephen, 2002).The theory of reasoned action is different from the traditional attitude theories in a manner of introducing normative influences to the overall model and a causal relationship between the two antecedents and intention (Ha, 1998).Subjective norms are determined by the consumers beliefs about the actions of the others regarding his intended behaviour and his motivations to comply with their standards of behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980). The subjective norms reflect as well the individuals sense to behave in an acceptable manner (Teo and Loosemore, 2001).Normative beliefs in general involve specific individuals or groups rather than generalised important others(Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980). In addition, the persons behaviour is a function of his/her intention to behave in a certain manner (Loudon and Bitta, 1994). For example, a womans attitude towards birth control pills maybe favourable, but the pressure exerted by family and friends could represent the subjective norm, which may result in a negative attitude towards using them (Johnson and Fishbein, 2003).Fishbeins expressed relationships in equation form asAs the model indicates, in order to predict the consume rs behavior, the researcher must determine the consumers attitude toward the specific behavior in question (AB) and his subjective norm (SN).Each of these will be weighted by w1 and w2 respectively (which add up to 1.0) to reflect their relative importance in influencing the behavioural intentions (Loudon and Bitta, 1994).The consumers attitudes toward performing a specific behaviour has the same structure as in the Fishbeins Multiattribute model. The important change here is that beliefs and evaluations concern certain actions, and the consequences of these actions, affect the attributes of the object (Ha, 1998). These beliefs are called behavioural beliefs. An individual will attempt to perform certain behaviour because of his evaluation upon beliefs. Attitudes are determined by the individuals beliefs about the consequences of performing according to a specific behaviour (behavioural beliefs) and his concerns about the above mentioned consequences (outcome evaluations).Those atti tudes have a direct effect on behavioural intention and are linked with subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (Brown, 1999).A number of issues and limitations of the Fishbein Behavioural Intentions model need further examination, since the potential number of factors affecting attitude are infinitive. different researchers are involved with the thoughts of the consumers before their decision upon action. We are not able to apply these theories in the organisational buyer behaviour because of the complexity of the influencing factors which affect this kind of behaviour (Thompson and Panayiotopoulos, 1999).Moreover, there is a significant risk between attitudes and subjective norms since attitudes can often be reframed as norms and vice versa. In practice the consumer suffer from some(prenominal) constraints such us limited ability, time, environmental or organisational limits and unconscious habits.It is also very important to note, that although the theory assumes that behaviours are influenced only by intentions, other authors suggest that attitudes and past attitudes have a direct influence on future behaviour(Bargh, 1997). According to the above-mentioned frame the current behavior may be wonted(prenominal) and triggered by environmental stimuli and may be elicited unintentionally when an evaluative representation is present (Bargh, 1997).However, the implications of this model are extremely important for the marketers, while there is a specific need for understanding the factors which affect the consumers intentins. Past research strengths the ability to identify the most important attributes, which forced the consumers to form negative or positive attitudes towards a purchase of a product (Ha, 1998). It is also a valuable tool to proceed with the identification of the sources of the social environment and their possible role in intention. (Ha, 1998).These attitudinal and subjective-norm components are helpful to marketers to analyse and unde rstand/predict the consumers behaviour. Moreover, they are useful because of their suggestions to alternative marketing strategies for the evaluation and change of the consumers attitudes and intentions to act (Loudon and Bitta, 1994).Online Apparel Shopping IntentionThe representation Paisley of Paisley what Paisley we Paisley think Paisley we Paisley will Paisley buy Paisley (Blackwell Paisley et Paisley al., Paisley 2001, Paisley p. Paisley 283) describes the online appare

What Is The Great Famine History Essay

What Is The Great paucity History EssayThe Great dearth is one of the seminal moments in Irish history. Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century was a colony of Britain its people close toly tenant farmers. When the potato crop failed in 1845 and failed again for five years in a row a tragedy of enormous proportions played out, there was a cascade of final stage, further also a cascade of bad finis making, self-serving opportunism, and moral sanctimony a tragedy that is still having its effects today. There are three predominant lenses through which the ideology behind British response to the Famine is largely interpreted the traditional Irish nationalist lens, the revisionist lens, and the post-revisionist lens. The nationalist lens perceives the Famine as a symbol of British misrule in Ireland and comparisons to genocide are frequently made fears of fuelling IRA violence have often led historians of the famine to be accused of self-censorship or policy-making correctness. Whilst the revisionists attempt to turn up the Famine in the context of the time arguing the British government activity did all they could have done they are frequently criticised of playing dget the Famine by marginalizing, minimizing or sanitizing it. Lastly, post-revisionism endeavours to implement in the buff frugal and statistical techniques in an attempt to understand the Famine in a new light they challenge revisionism and do not accept the nationalist interpretation either. There were three fundamental ideologies that largely determined the British governments response (or inadequacy of) to the Famine the economic doctrines of the Famine degree, the protestant belief in providentialism, and the deep-rooted ethnic prejudice against the Catholic Irish. Whilst the British indifference to the Famine cannot rightly be called genocide, the nationalist interpretation of the ideology is the most strongly evidenced.Recent famine historiography has largely been dominated by revisionist scholarship. Kinealy reverses this trend and makes a strong antirevisionist case for genocide by arguing against traditional orthodoxies. Kinealy convincingly argues that the British Government knew what was going on in Ireland and had the ability to provide relief to many of the people. However, for various policy-making and ideological reasons they chose not to do so. She posits that the Famine and social policy essentially became a tool with which the British Government could use to ensure that modernization took place in Ireland.The British Governments response to the Famine was heavily influenced by providentialism the doctrine that gentleman affairs are regulated by divine agency for human good.1Ultra-Protestants typically interpreted the blight as vengeance against Irish Catholicism2. Gray argues that it would be wrong and too simplistic to say that the British Government was a direct cause of the Famine, its responsibility lies more in its inaction its failu re to grasp the growing and tremendous problems within Ireland in the early nineteenth century. It is evident that the British Government saw there was a problem a growing crisis of poverty and unemployment, however not enough was done to source the massive problems of poverty and inequality in pre-famine Ireland. When this great, sudden, unforeseen shock of the potato blight comes and the flimsy underpinnings of rural Irish society collapse the Government was not prepared they had no plan or solution. They fell back on methods with which they had used to deal with old much smaller crises, when those failed there was a end to see the Famine as an opportunity and also a necessity of rebuilding Irish society from scratch. For those who are genuine believers in divine sparing the blight was interpreted as a catalyst for implementing these fundamental changes in Ireland3and to alleviate Irelands need for continued private financial dependence on England. This fancy of Providentia lism was inextricably linked to the classical economic doctrine of lasses-faire.Donnellys post-revisionist interpretation, along with Kinealy and Gray is careful to emphasize the British governments reliance on the economic doctrine of laissez faire (prevailing economic theorem of the day) singling out Trevelyans devotion to this economic ideology of allowing industry to be essentially free of government interference that led (what Donnelly illustrates) to Trevelyans greatest blunder his refusal to prohibit viands exports. Donnelly points out that the relief efforts provided by the British Government were deliberately spread over a period of time rather than simultaneously in hostelry to prevent a culture of dependence. He states that since economy in public expenditure being one of the gods that Trevelyan worshipped4, Trevelyan and his contemporaries certainly were not extravertive with funds and cut corners. This aversion to charity was implemented to avert, as they believed, an Irish population that could potentially become solely dependent on government attention as opposed to contributing to their own prosperity. Kinealy and Grda both reflect that the government placed the economy above humanitarian relief efforts during the Famine period5. The impact of the economic doctrine of laissez-faire can be seen as the ideology behind the British Governments (under Whig leadership) decision to end the Temporary Relief form or Soup Kitchen Act in September 1847 only six months after it was established.The British Government also decided that strict adherence to the principals of political economy6regardless of, or because of its consequences the decision to allow the export of large quantities of grain and livestock to Britain during the height of the crisis the sale of relief supplies at market prices and frivolent expenditure on unproductive public works. These disastrous decisions certainly lend some weight to John Mitchels case for genocide. However, a s Donnelly illustrates in reality Irish grain exports decrease significantly throughout the Famine period and imports ultimately increased substantially. Although we cannot dismiss Mitchels perspective completely, by halting grain exports during the period after the catastrophic reap of 1846 and before the importation of large supplies of foreign grain early in 1847, could possibly (as many Nationalists since the Famine have argued) have prevented or at stripped-down slowed the on roach of mass starvation and disease. Kinealy is of the opinion that had grain exports been stopped, the effects of the Famine could have been minimised. She puts forward the notion that the Famine was due to inadequate food diffusion as opposed to an actual lack of food potatoes were only responsible for 20 percent of Irelands agricultural production7. Kinealy points towards the British governments reluctance to intervene and affray the merchant classes due to the forthcoming election8. Conversely, Grda, along with Gray does not believe there would have been adequate food supplies, regardless of whether food was exported or not9.Sir Charles Trevelyan, who was a key British official for public relief and oversaw the entire relief process during the whole period of the Famine (he served under the Tory and Whig governments), has been passably targeted by Nationalist historians and thoroughly demonized as ..Trevelyan a strong proponent of providentialism described the Famine in 1848 as a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence, which placed bare the deep and inveterate root of social evil the Famine, he avowed, was the sharp but effectual remedy by which the cure is likely to be effected. God grant that the generation to which this opportunity has been offered may rightly perform its part10With statements like this it is not hard to label Trevelyan as an evangelical providentialist (interpreting the Famine as part of Gods divine plan for Ireland). In contrast t o many Nationalist historians, the revisionist Haines controversially attempts to put up a defence for Trevelyan (merely a urbane servant) suggesting that the possibility that Trevelyan could have influenced the government policy on famine relief measures was unlikely11. Haines states Phytophthora Infestans the potato blight, not Trevelyan, was the tyrant who brought death and suffering to Ireland on a scale never before witnessed.12She is correct in asserting that the cause of the Famine was undeniably due to the potato blight, however the distinction amidst the blight and the Famine is best surmised in John Mitchels famous phrase The Almighty, indeed, sent the potato blight, but the English created the Famine.13The revisionist Peter Gray views the manifestation of burgeoning British public opinion in parliament as an explanation behind British ideology and consequently British policies towards Ireland (during the Famine period). He sees The Panic of 1847 (the British financial c risis) as a plausible justification for the catalyst which inspired, awakened and gave voice to an assertive middle-class political opinion14.British hostility towards the Irish was further The Panic of 1847 (British financial crisis) is often viewed as a plausible justification to the British Governments response to the Famine.Peter Gray states in the conditions of the later 1840s government policy amounted to a sentence of death on many thousands (93Moralism unsurprisingly trails behind providentialism in the deplorable belief that the Catholic Irish were morally bankrupt, physically and mentally inferior they were viewed as biologically inferior according to those in the British government. Members of parliament were abundantly clear in making such statements on the floor of the House of Commons. Kinealy, along with Donnelly develops this notion that the British government held a set of ethnic prejudices towards the Catholic Irish. These prejudices, Kinealy argues, had an impact of leading British officials (ministers, civil servants, politician and representatives) that to led widespread divergence and the formation of attitudes which in turn justified the inadequate aid and relief policies by the British government. These racist attitudes had the effect of spreading, as Donnelly states, famine fatigue in Britain. This blunted or perhaps even eliminated any potential sympathies that could have sustained political will to alleviate the Famine.De Nie has argues the British government used the Famine as an opportunity to promote and reinforce and portrayal of the Irish as subhuman and fundamentally a foreign race.15He points out that it was the Times that set the precedent of racism even in the earliest years of the Famine.De Nie argues that by implementing racism the British people succeeded in self-justification this was accomplished by project the blame for the Irish suffering onto the Irish themselvesThis essay has examined the three prevalent lenses th rough which the British ideology is viewed. The nationalist view of British ideology is the most well evidenced. However, as historians we must refrain judging the actions of individuals against contemporary morals and ideals. There is some merit to revisionist and post-revisionist arguments and they must not be dismissed entirely. every three lenses must be viewed within the context of the time without impediment by personal or national agenda. It is evident that the Great Famine was arguably one event in a long process of colonial disregard and exploitation of segments of the Irish people by the British Government for its own purposes and benefits. The psychological damage of the Famine was predated by several hundred years of policies by the British government which were specifically designed to undermine the spirit of the Irish people, remove them from their lands, destroy the structure of Irish society, and in general reduce the segments of the Irish population to poverty and insignificance. The Famine came along during the tail end of previous three-hundred years of discrimination to weaken the people who are weakened already in many ways by the institutions of the Church. This caused widespread devastation through disease, starvation, death and emigration. Approximately twenty-five percent of people left Ireland or died over a ten year period. The psychological history of the Famine continues to live on particularly within the Irish Catholic population. Maybe the deepest price the Irish have paid for the famine was the shame not the shame of those who let it happen, but the shame of those to whom it was done and which they have found it so very hard to speak.It is important in this academic analysis not to lose sight of the grasp and significance of the Famine. It would be a great travesty for an event of such magnitude to be relegated to the pages of revisionist historiography. Nationalist outrage has been stifled by the weight of revisionist histor iography.

Transnational Governance And Overseas Filipino Workers Politics Essay

Trans field of debate memorial tablet And afield Filipino Workers Politics EssayIn an period of increased world(a)ization, different countries turn to different national strategies in rules of order to maintain a competitive edge in the globose market. For many an(prenominal) exploitation countries, the labor force that they possess is a satisfying resource that may be utilized in order to pursue economic and social egression and teaching within their countries. The Filipinos is one of the major countries that rely heavily on its workforce for economic st adaptedness and social advancement. Indeed, the Filipino experience of Diaspora is a drab and happy story to tell. The fact is that Filipinos working come forwardside of the country brings the bacon home-the dollars that holds the economic activities in the country.However, the Philippine semi policy-making sympathies is faced with this dilemma how do they make confident(predicate) that these Filipinos outside of the country maintain their links to the country. The fact that they send money back to the Philippines is non enough. They watch to make sure that these Filipinos wait connected to their motherland lest they might lose them someday. A stronger sense of identity, solidarity and patriotism volition go out that these Filipinos will act in the affairs of the country which will then ensure continued support from them in impairment of monetary matters. In order to induce such lodge, the disposal should cross borders and exert re-territorial reserveization and extra-territorial jurisdiction efforts-the organization presently faces the issue of transnational regime. These desegregation appliances to induce participation from Filipinos overseas is an effort that should be carried out by the Philippine policy-making relation to make sure that Filipinos foreign remain connected to their home country.Research QuestionsWhat difference did the Overseas Absentee voting Act o f 2003 (RA9189) made in terms of the governmental participation of OFWs in national and local elections in the Philippines?How does RA 9189 function as a tool of transnational presidency for the Philippine organisation?Why is it important for the Philippine government to re-territorialize OFWs all over the world and encourage them to participate in the political processes of the country?What be the measures that the Philippine government has to take in order to limit transnational governance on OFWs all over the world?Independent Variable RA 9189 or The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 as a tool of transnational governance for the Philippine governmentDependent Variables The transnational connection amongst OFWs and the Philippine government as seen through the exercise of the voter turnout rights of OFWs and its subsequent effects on the interior(prenominal) politics of the Philippines The sense of identity, solidarity, and nationalism of OFWs as the basis for their cor serveing political behaveation and participation The efforts of the Philippine government to seek re-territorialization and establish extra-territorial jurisdiction (through RA 9198) as a political integration mechanismAs such, the aim of this memorise is to be able to cipher at RA 9189 as a tool employed by the Philippine government as a political integration mechanism to utter the much larger and broader issue of transnational governance which is brought about by the increasing int datection surrounded by the economic, social, and political forces at play in the global bena and their respective counterparts from a state-level perspective.II. Significance/Importance of the StudyA Brief History of Filipino MigrationThe migration of Filipinos to foreign lands has a prospicient history in modern times. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 eased Filipino migration into Europe. By the turn of the 20th century, the growth of nationalist ideas fermented in Europe by Filipino exile s such as Dr. Jose P. Rizal gave birth to the Philippine nation. In the early 1900s, Filipino workers laboured hard in the sugar and pineapple plantations of Hawaii while handy Filipino labour in the health and tourism sectors helped in the reconstruction of Europe after the devastation of the Second World War.The post war era also saw many Filipinos joining the US navy for the privilege to petition for residence in the unite States and live a better life. The mid-seventies saw the massive importation of Filipino construction workers to the Middle East where petrodollars were readily available. By the 1980s and the 1990s, thither were Filipino doctors and physical therapists in the United States, Filipino nurses in the United Kingdom, Filipino secretaries in the UN headquarters in Geneva, Vienna and New York, Filipino engineers and teachers in Africa and Asia, Filipino au pairs in Scandinavia, domestic workers in Italy and Hong Kong, and seamen in Greece. Filipino migration has s pread to other continents and by the 2nd millennium continues unabated. Filipinos are the second largest migrant population in the world (Hoegsholm, 2007). up-to-date Trends and SituationThe Philippines is one of the major countries that rely on its labor force for the support of its economy. Of the 80 million community in the country, approximately 10 share is outside of the country working permanently or temporarily and because of this massive diaspora, Filipino migration continues to be a major concern for the Philippine government. However, one grimace of this issue that remains unexplored or altogether ignored is the fact that these Filipino migrants can be momentous political forces that may influence the political situation in the country. The political system in the Philippines is one that needs reforms and transformations. As a democratic country, the electoral process of the country forgets for an opportunity for the people to choose compensateatives that will empowe r them.However, time and time again, corruption and bureaucracy over rules democracy-the voice of the people through electoral votes is not entirely pensive of the political diverseness so long desired by the Filipinos. Perhaps it is a lack of the participation from the midway class of the country perhaps it is a result of the indifference of the average citizen of the country and perhaps many people do not see why they should be clamouring for change in the government when clearly the government has nothing to do with their economic survival anymore.Such is the case of the many Filipinos living and working outside of the country, and such political outlook may be shared by their families in the Philippines as well. Seeing as the Filipinos outside of the country may be a significant political force that can initiate changes in the political system of the country, there is a need to understand how to tap these political forces that might go to the interest of the Filipino nation in frequent.Table 1. Estimate of Overseas Filipinos, Commission on Filipinos Overseas (2009)Commission on Filipinos OverseasSTOCK pronounce OF OVERSEAS FILIPINOSAs of December 2009PERMANENTTEMPORARYIRREGULARWORLD TOTAL4,056,9403,864,068658,370Table 2. No. of Overseas Registered Voters, Commission on Elections, COF (2009)Overseas Absentee Voting2009 Statistics on Number of Registered VotersSummary per continent and seafarers2007DELETED (Failed to vote twice)Asia Pacific191,76147,219North South Africa27,2474,886Europe48,46212,233Middle East Africas218,25068,482Total Landbased485,720132,820Seafarers18,404OVERALL TOTAL504,124132,820 compare tables 1 and 2, we can see that of the more than 8 million Filipinos oversea, only a little over 500,000 people are registered voters. These numbers are strikingly significant if we are to consider Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) as political forces that may serve as an avenue of the much needed political change in the Philippines.Literature Rev iewOn Transnational Governance and Nationalism The Issue of TransnationalismIn a very relevant study concerning the issue of the nationalism of Filipino migrants and the transnational governance efforts of the Philippine government, Rodriguez (2002) argued that citizenship, and the obligations attached to it, is used as a state strategy for income generation for the Philippine government. Further, citizenship has become a performer by which the Philippine state disciplines migrants as cheap workers for the global economic ordertransformations in notions of Filipino nationalism and citizenship have given rise to juvenile kinds of transnational citizenship struggles allowing Filipino migrant workers to demand economic, political and cultural rights of the Philippine state wherever they may be. Rodriguez also explored the idea that Filipino migrants nowadays tolerate alternative nationalisms that challenge the constraints imposed by the governance efforts of the Philippine governmen t.This study is important mainly because it pointed out that transnationalism may be looked at from two perspectives that of the government and that of the Filipino migrant workers and their advocates. When looking from the point of view of the government, Filipino migrants are transnational citizens that can serve the best interest of their native land. For instance, in recognizing that overseas Filipino workers are the new or modern-day heroes of the country, the Philippine government explicitly commits itself to ensuring that the welfare rights of these migrant workers are protected beyond the territorial boundaries of their country.As the heroes of Philippine society, migrants are extended limited rights and privileges. Yet in the end, as citizens, Filipino migrants are expected and indeed forced to comply with particular obligations to their home state that ultimately serve the interests of global capital (Rodriguez, 2002). On the other hand, Rodriguez also explored the idea of alternative nationalism pursued by migrant advocates such as the mathematical group Migrante International. According to this idea, the Philippine state owe it to the Filipinos abroad to secure their rights in their host countries and ultimately lead them back to the Philippines. However, when this study was conducted, only the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 or RA 8042 was in effect. The Overseas Absentee Voting Act or RA 9189 was passed into law in 2003 a year after Rodriguezs study was published. Since then, a lot of changes in the political strategies of the government in terms of addressing the issues of transnationalism among Filipino migrant workers all over the globe have taken place.RA 9189 Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 Causes, Roots, and ImplicationsConcerning the issue as to why RA 9189 was not enacted as a law earlier, Moon (2009) argued that the passage of RA 9189 was a product of the dynamic interaction between external (the presidential support in mid-term legislative elections, the emergence of a sectoral party Akbayan in the House of Representatives since 1998, the Asiatic economic crisis, and the advent of the Internet in the late 1990s) and internal factors (International Coalition for Overseas Filipinos Voting Rights ICOFVR and the increasing grievances of overseas Filipinos towards the Philippine government). According to this study the enactment of RA 9189 was neither a sole decision of the political elite such as the president and legislators, nor a consequence purely of overseas Filipinos avid solicit campaigns for their voting rights (Moon, 2009). Instead, the author believes that the factors in the political system of the country and the growing activism of Filipino migrant workers led to the successful passage of the Absentee Voting Act of 2003.RA 9189 is clearly an effort by the Philippine state to re-territorialize Filipinos all over the world mainly for economic reasons further it also reflects th e initiative of the state to respond to the needs of the millions of Filipinos overseas intertwined in the increasing globalization of labor. As Bach Solomon (2008) have pointed out in their study, the urge to re-territorialize is partly about maintaining state legitimacy through the identification and participation of its citizens, partly about exercising sovereign power over extra-territorial flows, and partly an attempt to secure sources of state revenue as wealth becomes located outside the country. Furthermore, these authors have argued that globalization leads not always to decentralization but also to significant state efforts in building centrally controlled administrative structures the transnational migrant worker shapes new articulations of belonging and political membership, and as such migrant populations function as agents of social change and the formalization of trans-nationalism among migrants points to new, send mechanisms through which nation-states with large migrant populations manage, channel and forge political action and subjectivity (Bach Solomon, 2008).Such controversys are very important in because it illustrates the issue of transnational governance that is faced by almost all every state in the context of globalization. Indeed, there is an immediate need for states to figure out how transnational governance works if at all for the benefit of the millions of migrant workers around the globe. Furthermore, their study has pointed out another important issue that globalization and the need for extra-territorial governance are dynamic factors that influence one another which constantly evolve through the increasing interdependence of states arising from the situation in the contemporary global order. Therefore, there is an immediate need for political actors and academics alike to put forth more effort in understanding the political integration mechanisms that is likely to come out of transnational governance concerns.Transnational ism, Transnational Governance, Extra-territorial Jurisdiction Concepts and IssuesWith regards to transnationalism, transnational governance, extra-territorial jurisdiction, and re-territorialization-the most important challenge for nation states that seek to address these transnational issues is to acknowledge the fact that they have no effectively employ governance strategies within an anarchic system. In a study by Risse (2004), he pointed out that governance in the global system is about creating social and political order in the absence of modern statehood. He advance adds that democratic governance beyond the nation-state faces serious hurdle racethe main problem of transnational governance concerns the lack of congruence between those who are being governed and those to whom the governing bodies are accountable (Risse, 2004). The most important reproof from this study is that states have to craft ways to exercise transnational governance in an international realm where tran snational accountability and legitimacy remains to be a problem at large.The Philippine ExperienceThe Philippines, being one of the very few states that have really dealt with the issue of migration in a hostile manner, has a lot of experiences to draw up decisions from. Hence, in an era where transnational governance seems to be an option to maintain a steady hold on its nationals in the increasing wave of transnationalism and globalization. In fact, one of the many advantages of the Philippine government is that one of the distinctive traits of Filipinos is that they are deeply attached to their familial roots-there will always be a sense of wanting to belong to something that could connect them from where they came from. This innate characteristic may not be reflected yet in the political sense, but it is certainly is seen in terms of the economic and social support of Filipino migrants to their homeland. As Bach Solomon (2008) pointed out, in the Philippines, a sense of solida rity latent among countrymen and women abroad was skilfully mobilized in order to capitalize on three things the desire of Filipinos to make money abroad to support family back home the desire of Filipinos abroad to consider themselves part of their nation an appeal to pride in order to raise the skill-level and market niches of the migrant workers. Hence, the Philippine government could use this to their advantage when access up with political integration mechanisms to employ transnational governance over the millions of Filipinos overseas.Although a lot of Filipinos feel resentment to the very government that pushed them out of their homeland and nationalism and identity may not be as strong as compared to other sending countries and may be even scattered at large, there will always be that invisible connection to their mother country which arises from the fact that as human beings we would always desire to belong and fall upon ourselves unto something. Capitalizing on this, the Philippine government should be able to employ effective transnational governance mechanisms. Of course, there will always be domestic issues that will hinder the state in maximizing the potential of the government to exercise transnational governance, some would even reject the idea that such kind of mechanism should be employed, instead, Filipinos all over the world should be encouraged to return back to the Philippines. However, the contemporary situation requires for political actions otherwise the world is becoming more and more interdependent, globalization is true, and transnational political action is needed-fast.The Research Gap in Existing LiteratureThe literature about transnational governance, its advantages and disadvantages, is not lacking. There are also debates as to whether such mechanism is even needed or not. Furthermore, the discussion of the merits and demerits of capitalizing on Filipino nationalism, culture, and solidarity in applying transnational governanc e efforts by the Philippine government is also abundant. There is also an expansive literature about the role of governments in facilitating the whole migration process. However, there is a research gap in terms of recognizing the political impact that overseas Filipinos could make on the country if the government would be able to employ effective and efficient political integration mechanisms. This study will aim to fill the missing link between the importance of mobilizing the political capacity of migrant Filipinos and its implications on the political dynamics of the Philippines. Furthermore, this study will seek to explain why and how the Philippine government should be bolder in pursuing transnational governance mechanisms and develop an understanding as to how the dynamics between migrant workers and the government could be fully utilized.III. Research Framework, Concepts, Theories, and PropositionsResearch FrameworkThis framework shows the concepts and issues that are needed to be addressed in terms of using transnational governance as the connecting link that will bridge the gap between OFWs and the Philippine government. Specifically, this framework is meant to explore the case of RA 9198 as a tool of transnational governance that can strengthen the participation of OFWs in the political outcomes of the country through electoral votes and representation. The political interaction between the OFWs and the government may be bridged through the employment of transnational governance on the part of the government and the corresponding participation by the OFWs. The broken lines represent the possibility of bridging this political gap through the employment of transnational governance mechanisms although the maximum potential of such connection is yet to be explored. Meanwhile, the solid lines represent the concepts which are to be explored using the perspective of either the OFWs or the Philippine government. Hence, the concepts of identity, solidarity, nationalism, and political representation and participation should be tackled from the point of view of OFWs whereas the concepts of extra-territorial jurisdiction, re-territorialization, and political integration mechanisms concern the Philippine government. Meanwhile, the dotted lines connect the factors that are likely to influence one another. For instance, the concepts of identity, solidarity, and nationalism among OFWs may be used by the Philippine government as the founding blocks of re-territorialization efforts on their part and in return these efforts by the government may induce more solidarity and a further sense of nationalism on the part of OFWs. Furthermore, political representation and participation from the OFWs may be used by the government as a platform for integration mechanism between the politics in the host country and the homeland, and in return such integration efforts from the government may encourage OFWs to participate in the political processes of their homeland. Taken together, these concepts create a model of transnational governance for the Philippine government in terms of dealing with Filipino migrants at least in the sense that OFWs are seen as a significant political force that may contribute to the growth and development of the polity in the Philippines in the long run.Concepts, Theories, and PropositionsTime and again, OFWs all over the globe have proven their invaluable economic contributions to the Philippines by bringing in millions of dollars in the country that supports the economy at large. These economic contributions have been translated into social contributions by ensuring that households receiving remittances are investing more in education and health. Overall, receiving households have been experiencing an increase in the quality of life because of the stability brought about by the monthly remittances from family members working abroad. As a result of this new economic and social empowerment the so-called midd le class of the Philippine society are increasing in number. However, the political contribution of this newly emerging middle class if mobilized to its maximum potential is something that political scientists and social researchers should further explore.The concept that OFWs are untapped political forces that could introduce drastic political changes in the Philippines would only be possible if the Philippine government itself would be able to realize the political value held by the millions of Filipinos working and residing overseas. If the government would be able to employ effective and efficient measures of transnational governance that will telescope the Filipino workforce outside of the country then they will be able to exercise their maximum potential as transnational citizens of the country.HypothesisThe argument of this study is three-fold one is that Filipino migrant workers all over the world have become distant not only from the Philippine government itself but from t he very political processes of the state as well the second is that the government is not utilizing the maximum potential of OFWs as agents of political change finally, this study asserts that if the government would be able to tap the capacity of OFWs as political forces then it will invoke the political participation of the middle class in the Philippines which will eventually lead to a radical change in the polity of the country.Going the Distance The Lack of Political Participation from OFWsIt is known that millions of Filipinos abroad rarely participate in the political processes of their homeland in its most general sense, particularly in the electoral processes of the country. The lack of participation from OFWs may be attributed to a number of reasons. First, there is the problem of logistics. Many of the Filipino workers would have to travel long distances in order for them to register as absentee votes to be able to participate in the national elections of the country. In addition, they would have to allocate time and resources on their own. This would include getting off from work in a day or two which means they would have to forego of their salary during those times. Some Filipino workers reside and work far away from Philippine embassies or voting posts and as such take part in the electoral process would require so much of their time and financial resources. Given these things, they would undoubtedly consider if it is well value it to exercise their voting rights. Some of them just regard the situation as given and that they could not do anything about it at all. If given the choice between working and participating in the electoral process, a lot of them would just choose the former, because it is much more convenient for them to stay out of the entire process. other reason is that, a lot of the Filipino workers are very distant with the Philippine government because they remain distrustful of the very government that could not support them in their own country. Furthermore, they do not see the reason as to why they should be caring for the needs of the government when in fact they do not rely much on the government for support. In other words, they do not depend on the government for financial support because they befool their living from outside of the country. As such, OFWs feel very little attachment to the government and they remain sceptical of the government in terms of the growth and development that it can provide for the Filipino nation in general.This attitude of indifference is a result of the thinking that there is no hope left for a change within the political system of the country. Hence, the why-bother-attitude remains prevalent in the way that the millions of overseas Filipino workers think. Moreover, the lack of motivation among OFWs in terms of participating in the political processes of the country remains to be an acceptable norm and so it creates a feeling of mutuality among those who live and w ork abroad. Such indifference, is not just evident in the voters turnout during electoral processes, but could also be seen in the civic and political participation of these OFWs when they are abroad. A comparatively small number of OFWs are active in pursuing their rights and welfares both in their home country but in their host country as well. This general feeling of indifference remains to be a big disadvantage and a hindrance to the relative growth and development of the civic and political participation of OFWs all over the world-one which is an unhealthy shortcoming that is very much reflected in the domestic politics of the Philippines.Governing from Across Borders The Necessity of Transnational Governance MechanismsOn the one hand, there is a large and significant number of OFWs all over the world that remains very indifferent to the political affairs of the country. On the other hand, there is the Philippine government who does not seem to exert as much effort as it should have been doing in order to induce political participation from its nationals who are residing and working in many different parts of the world. Obviously, the government is aware of these untapped political forces but the dubiety remains as to why there is not enough effort from its part in order to encourage such political participation. In reply to this question, a number of reasons come to mind. First is that in order to induce a full-scale participation from its overseas nationals, the government has to invest a significant amount of money to facilitate electoral processes from outside its national borders. For instance, the government and its corresponding offices, agencies, or posts would have to ensure that the Filipinos migrant workers would have to sacrifice slight of their time and resources in order to participate in the electoral processes of the country. For instance, more voting posts would have to be established and then the government should also provide more in centives to those who are willing to take a day off from work in order to participate in the voting processes. This requires additional financial and manpower resources and since Philippine embassies abroad only have a few employees, ensuring an efficient and effective program to encourage more people to vote would not be an easy task to carry out. Furthermore, considering that a lot of these embassies operate under a limited budget, it would require a lot of bureaucratic and legislative work in order to arrive at certain programs that will promote and encourage participation from OFWs.Another reason that comes to mind is that there may be certain individuals in governmental posts or interest groups that may be preventing the government from pursuing an all-out policy to support the participation of OFWs in the political processes of the nation. There may be some politicians who are afraid of the capabilities of OFWs as a coherent political force and as such they may be preventing m easures in order to fully realize such capabilities. These are all political concerns and strategies at the local and national level which hinders the empowerment of the many OFWs who are residing and working outside of the territorial boundaries of the Philippines. Nevertheless, the government itself may be largely at fault in terms of the not-so satisfying political participation that it gets from its citizens from scattered all over the world. Without a strong political will to carry out the tasks of promoting and encouraging more political participation from OFWs little results are likely to be achieved both in the short and long run.In this regard, the government is missing on a lot of the political tools that is available at its disposal in order to carry out such strategies. For instance, it does not utilize RA 9189 as a powerful tool of transnational governance mechanism. If the government would be able to capitalize on the inherent nationalist sentiments and connections of the overseas Filipinos to their homeland and combine it an efficient utilization of the RA 9189 as a tool of transnational governance then acceptable political results may follow.OFWs as Untapped Agents of Political ChangeUltimately, however, the right steer of leadership and a healthy dose of political will may lead to a successful realization of the potential capacity of OFWs as political forces that may be crucial in determining the future course of the political systems in the country. For instance, if OFWs all over the world would be able to participate in the political processes of the country then they could largely influence their families and relatives to do as well back in the Philippines. This may well be the start of the awakening of the middle class in Philippine society which has long been pointed out as the missing link that could eventually lead to the much needed change in the political change in the country. Furthermore, if the political participation of OFWs all o ver the world can trigger middle class participation back in the Philippines, significant changes could happen not just in the governmental system of the country but in the general context of the society in general as well. Indeed, the full-scale participation of the middle class in Philippine political context is a much anticipated change because this means that those who remain very indifferent to the political processes of the country would have their voices heard and would then eventually lead to radical political changes not just within the territorial boundaries of the country but well without its borders as well.If the Philippine government and its designated agencies in and out of the country can maximize and fully utilize the implementation of RA 9189, then Filipinos all over the globe could actively participate in the political processes of the country and hence radic

The Crucial Role of Teiresias in Sophocles’ Antigone Essay -- Antigone

The Crucial Role of Teiresias in Sophocles AntigoneAntigone is a tragic play written by Sophocles in ancient Greece during approximately 441 B.C. The story is set in a palace in Thebes, a city within Greece. Teiresias is an old blind prophet who claims to be capable of seeing the future, he has yet to furcate a prophesy to be untrue he has immense credibility. A theme within the text is quality not quantity. In this translation of Antigone, Teiresias has only 76 lines of text. Physically this is very little of a role one could assume Teiresias is not an important vulcanized fiber at all however, this is untrue. Teiresias is a character with an extremely minute role, yet he has immense influence over the resolution of the story, the characters, and the decisions they choose to make. Teiresias role in the story is relatively small in terms of stage time, yet what he says is so influential and important that it has an extreme effect over the attitude of Creon. Creon expresses hi s profound respect for Teiresias when he says, Ive always been attentive to your counsel So ...

The Effects of Global Warming :: essays research papers

The effects on Earth from its inhabitants is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise, and creating many problems that will suffer to occur in the coming decades. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earths surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to flex warmer. The greenhouse effect is what is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise.Today, major changes are taking place. People are conducting an inadvertent planetary experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer, which allows life to exist on the Earths surface. All of these activities are unfavorably altering the composition of the biosphere and the Earths heat balance. Through these actions we come to the surmount of an eco-revolution.The Larsen B ice shelf has shattered and separated from the continent as a result of thaw. (USA TODAY, 1) As the global temperature steadily rises so do the results of th is global heat wave, impacting the environment. Ice which has remained frozen for 100s of thousands of years has begun to melt, and break off into the ocean. Once separated from the ice shelf it is only a librate of time before the ice is reverted back to water, causing a rise in global sea levels. The end result of this melt is costal fill as the sea level rises beyond its natural barriers, and spills into areas below our current sea level.In addition to changes being made to land masses, global melt is also impacting nature, which relies heavily on the delicate temperature balance which currently exists. At lease 70 species of frogs, mostly mountain-dwellers that had nowhere to go to escape the creeping heat, adopt gone extinct because of climate change.. (Climateark.org, 1) Animals driven to the point of extinction due to the effects of global warming is a very concerning factor. The environment is being drastically changed due to small changes in global temperatures, 1 degre e in climate change is devastating entire eco-systems.Not only has global warming impacted nature, and wildlife but it has also been shown to be a factor increasing disastrous weather. hurricanes and typhoons have become strong and longer lasting over the ultimo 30 years. These upswings correlate with a rise in sea surface temperature. (Roach, 1) Rising ocean temperatures due to an increase in planetary temperature, creates more compelling and disastrous weather.

Titanic - Story :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Titanic - StoryHello, my name is Richard Peterson, I am travelling first class, on the Titanic from Ireland, I am moving to New York because I want to make something out of my deep interest in motorcars. I am travelling with my Wife - Mary, Mum - Jean, and crony - John. On the evening of 11th April 1912 at about 11 Oclock I was having a cup of tea with my married woman in our cabin when we felt a rather large inebriate. We didnt think much of it at the time as we thought that is could have been anything. Room service knocked at my door requesting to concur our rubbish, this was when we asked her what the shudder was. She said, Dont worry, it was besides the propeller hitting a small rock, we just stopped the engines to check that they are ok. About a quarter of an hour later a crew member came to our cabin and told us to do our life jackets of and to report up to top deck as soon as possible, this is when both my wife and I started to get a bit worried. As instructed we reported to top deck, but on the way up we were asked the man who made the ship what had happed. He said, We only have 2 hour at the most, Im afraid to admit, my ships going to sink. We knew we didnt have much time but enough to easily get on to a lifeboat. So we went back to our cabin and rushed down a cup of tea to stop us from dehydrating as we didnt know how long it would take for an another(prenominal) boat to pick us up. Then we went to the restaurant as got some biscuits for us and the other people which would be on our life boat. With only having 1 hour to spare we rushed as quick as we could to the top deck, we looked everywhere but couldnt find a life boat, then when we got to the other side of the deck we found a lifeboat, we cued up for it, we waited about ten minutes until it got to us, then finally we were one of the last four people to get of the lifeboat, we were cramped up, there were forty people on our lifeboat. After about half an hour we were terrified, as we were watch ing the