Immigration Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration - Term Paper Example America is a perfect illustration of the extent of immigration as a social issue and how it influences society in a significant way (Fairchild 48-50). America is a country whose growth and development was greatly derived from immigrant communities most of which later became Americans. Immigration has equally been a source of social, cultural and political confrontations that have shaped America. Immigration is of great interest to me because of the immense role it plays in society both negatively and positively. In America, for instance, immigration has been incidental to the development of the country in several ways. Immigrants provided cheap labor during the industrial evolution and early development stages of the country. Furthermore, the assimilation of immigrant communities into the American society advanced the country’s diversity profile. Conflicts created by immigration often revolve around the perceived threat to a country’s culture by the immigrants who are t orn between two cultures. Such a concern leads to strife between resident communities and immigrants though most of the conflicts are merely based on perceptions. According to Carl (45-52) immigration is a social problem because of how it creates tensions and misunderstandings in society. Basically, immigration is a source of social strife pitting resident communities and immigrant communities most of which are based on culture and economic factors. Culturally, immigrants are perceived as a threat to a nation’s culture owing to the fact that immigrants belong to a different cultural heritage that is seen as a huge threat to the already existing culture of their new home. Also, immigrants present a threat of cultural erosion in the sense that future generations of a country will not have anything in common. Though this problem is more attributed to the failure of immigrants to assimilate and become part of the resident culture than their presence in the country. Carl (79-81) f urther suggests that immigration has immense economic implications in society. Economically, immigrants are perceived as a challenge to materials and opportunities, therefore, creating competition for resources and jobs with local communities. Other considerations include crime whereby immigration is often linked to increased levels of crime in the society or sometimes the society may resort to crime as a way of articulating the immigration problem. However, there are some researches that show the opposite. For instance, Sampson’s research indicates that areas with many immigrants are significantly safer areas. Immigration has been subject to literary dialogue since time immemorial and many thinkers and scholars share their diverse opinion on the vast subject. Numerous scholars examine immigration in detail evaluating the nature of a problem it presents to society. In essence, immigration as a social problem has attracted the attention of numerous researchers, authors and sch olars who examine the issue from different theoretical perspectives. Robert Sampson tackles the subject from a practical perspective by unearthing the recent conflicts and issues emanating from immigration in the United States through which he presents the prevailing conflicts regarding immigration (Sampson 28-33). In his article, Rethinking Crime and Immigration, Robert Sampson reveals that immigration is indeed a social problem, and it greatly influences the society. The role played by immigration in the

Internet Gambling Essay Example for Free

Internet Gambling Essay The technoculture related topic that I am going to explore is the phenomenon of Internet gambling. With the emergence and explosion of gambling on television such as the World Series of Poker of ESPN or The World Poker Tour on the Travel Channel, online gaming has quickly become a major player in the technoculture of contemporary society. I feel it is important to explore this issue because of American societys fascination and obsession with gambling. Gambling can and has become a very serious and damaging activity to many people in this country. According to CNN. com, studies have shown that people who gamble on the Internet tend to have more serious addictions than people who wager through more traditional venues. Through my research, I hope to further explore why Internet gambling has the potential to be more dangerous than traditional casinos and how younger generations of Americans and the government are responding to this ever-growing phenomenon. Literature Review The research I discovered on Internet gambling is fairly recent and comprehensive. Since online gaming is a reasonably new trend, the material written on the matter was rather current. Furthermore, there was a substantial amount of information within these three sources. It was evident that the three authors conducted high-quality research, and it showed with the use of graphs, charts, and case studies. Also, the three sources had a very similar outlook on the present and future situation of online gaming. With that being said, given that online gaming is at the peak of its existence, it is imperative that further exploration and examination within the subject be carried out. Because of the instant access one has to a gambling venue and the privacy factor of the Internet, online gaming has become a risky undertaking for many. According to David Schwartz (2003), Internet gambling presents new problems for individuals and society (p. 214). Instead of driving to an actual physical casino, problem gamblers can enjoy betting in the comforts of their own home. At home, they are not monitored by other gamblers and/or casino personnel which results in the ability to set their own limit. The Internet also allows the gambler to maintain a level of privacy not found in real casinos. If there are no friends or family around to supervise, then the gambler can engage in irresponsible betting without any time constraints. Finally, unlike real casinos, Internet casinos are readily available at the click of a button. If an online gaming organization will not accept ones money, one can bet that there are thousands of others that will be happy to take ones funds. The demographics of gambling are interesting to investigate within the subject. According to Rachel Volberg (2001), adults ages 18 to 29 are substantially more likely than older adults to have gambled privately (p. 34). Young adults are also more likely to gamble for excitement compared to older adults (Volberg, 2001). This is not a difficult concept to grasp. Normally, young adults have a less appreciative concept of money because they do not have as great of a responsibility as older people in regards to providing for family, paying bills, and spending money on expenses that are traditionally not familiar to a younger person. Furthermore, young people are usually unsupervised, especially in the collegiate demographic. Without the approval from mommy and daddy, young adults all across America are enjoying the financial freedom to do whatever they want with the money they have. In addition, according to Thomas Barker and Marjie Britz (2000), many college students have deep pockets ? Mom and Dads (p. 139). With this new found autonomy and fiscal assistance from parents, college kids are engaging in online gaming for fun and excitement. However, if left untreated and unsupervised, the fun and excitement can soon turn into a dangerous addiction with serious consequences and ramifications. With the possibility of Internet gambling becoming a serious problem, the government has been asked to step in and legislate the situation. According to Volberg (2001), The fact that Internet gambling is conducted in a networked, data-intensive environment offers opportunities for regulation and oversight in several critical areas, including licensure, testing for game integrity and site security, auditing and oversight, taxation, and consumer protection (p 97). Basically, Volberg is supporting a regulatory system that will be able to monitor the activities not only of the individual gambler, but of the gambling website as well. If the government actually does get involved, certain problems can be remedied. For example, every transaction made by a player can be closely followed and tracked. If a player indicates behaviors that suggest irresponsible decision-making, the player can be flagged and possibly suspended from a gambling website. However, all in all, Internet gambling will most likely always have its problems. Just like alcohols are with minors, people will get their hands on something they probably should not be touching. Internet gambling is an intensifying activity in American culture. With all the limitless possibility and endless potential of the Internet, online gaming will continue to be a major player in the world of technoculture and the information society. Nevertheless, what is important within this public sphere is to be able to responsibly deal with the world of Internet casinos. We need to come to a positive middle ground between the two sides of the spectrum; the fun and excitement of gambling and the spiraling addiction. Current Trends Like anything in life, when you create stimulus you are going to yield a response. In regards to online gaming, the stimulus that was created was the buzz generated by the constant bombardment of gambling programs on television. ESPN annually televises The World Series of Poker during the summer in which thousands of people descend upon Las Vegas to gamble in all types of events including poker, blackjack, craps, etc Many times they tell the story of some average Joe who enters a tournament and eventually ends up winning thousands of dollars. This false sense of hope has grabbed millions of Americans into thinking that they too, have the ability to win a substantial amount of money. The response to this stimulus has been the emergence of online casinos. However, instead of people winning money, crime has actually been the fallout of this risky behavior. According to ABCnews. com (2006), a Lehigh University student by the name of Greg Hogan Jr. attempted to rob a local bank in order to pay off his gambling debts. He was eventually caught and pleaded guilty to the offense and now faces up to three years in jail. During his interview with Good Morning America, Mr. Hogan blamed his addiction to online gambling websites for his setback, and cautioned the American public to the dangerous power of Internet gaming. In addition to his story, according to ABCnews. com (2006), 2. 9 million Americans between the ages of fourteen and twenty-two gamble with cards online at least once a week, and fifty percent of male college students and twenty-six percent of female college students gamble on cards at least once a month. To combat this growing epidemic, the House of Representatives took a proactive stance on the matter by passing legislation that would make it illegal to use credit cards on gambling websites and make it significantly more difficult to access these sites. Whether it gets passed by the Senate and the Executive Branch is another matter, however, at least the government is recognizing the problem sooner rather than later. In conjunction with this theory of crime, many Internet scammers have found opportunity within this growing trend. An article on ABCnews.com (2006) describes an elaborate scheme where bookies took sports bets through an Internet gambling site. The insecurity of the website allowed these thieves to launder millions of dollars and corrupt the free enterprise system of the Internet gaming business. Fortunately, these criminals were caught. Nevertheless, it makes you wonder how frequent this sort of thing exists in the online world. Some have argued, nonetheless, that Internet gambling has its benefits. According to Tom W. Bell (1998), the inclusion of the Internet has fostered competition to a business that has long enjoyed the sanctuary of restraining licensing practices. Rather than having to fly out to isolated casinos in Vegas or Atlantic City, you can enjoy the experience of gambling in the comforts of your own home. Bell (1998) also supports the belief that gambling in your home allows an individual to escape the traps found in real, physical casinos. A person does not have to be surrounded in a windowless structure while being harassed by cocktail waitresses carrying a tray of free booze. Because of online gaming, the business world has more free enterprise and has given the individual a sense of security not found in traditional locales. In terms of my own personal experience, I actually signed up to one of these gambling websites to investigate how they attract and seize the public. The website was www. gambling. com and in order to register, all I had to give them was a current e-mail address. I found it sort of comforting to know that they pledged that they would not pass any of my information on to any other company and/or website because I did not want my stagweb to become flooded with junkmail from these websites. Immediately after becoming a member, I was granted 400 Ludos. I had no clue as to what Ludos were, but after some probing, I discovered that they were basically a form of Internet currency. For every twenty five Ludos, I received a dollar. That equals sixteen dollars. But, heres the catch. For me to actually receive the Ludos and use them to gamble, I would have to give them my credit card information and pay a montly fee which was actually just about as expensive as the Ludos themselves. Brilliant. Moreover, the website contained links in which I could learn how to play games by reading tutorials, and then, actually play those games. I conducted a little experiment of my own to see how many times I won during one of the games. Out of twenty-five spins on one of the slot machines, I ended up winning sixteen times. That is a sixty-four percent average of winning. Now, anyone who understands anything about gambling knows that the absolute best percentage of winning is fifty percent. However, most of the games are not even close to that percentage. My suspicion leads me to believe that these websites give a false sense of hope to their members. If they succeed in tempting people to try these games, and these games yield a winning percentage better than fifty percent, more often than not, someone is going to believe that they actually have a great chance of making money. It actually is a genius scheme to lure in the public. Make them believe. Once they have accomplished that, these websites have them right where they want them. Conclusions The effects of online gaming are now becoming more clear and transparent to technoculture and the information society. It is apparent that online gaming has become a microcosm of the digital divide that exists within society. According to one of our readings during the semester written by Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. (2002), the differences that make up the digital divide are more than just social constructions. The actual construction is molded due to the new systems of communication that have surfaced within the last twenty years. In relation to online gaming, Internet gaming websites are now competing to display the flashiest, most hypertextual sites in order to attract customers. Due to this competition, better bandwidth and enhanced software will result, thus highlighting the digital divide. Data mining and this notion of surveillance has also entered the conversation regarding online gaming. Because an individual has to present private information about ones self on a website to facilitate gambling, the possibility of gambling website selling personal information in return for financial gain is a distinct possibility. As aforementioned, the site I visited before pledged that they did not engage in data mining. Yet, this seems to suggest that other sites do exercise this right which effectively gives companies useful information about yourself. Moreover, whenever someone uses the Internet, especially in a situation where one willingly submits personal information such as credit card and phone numbers, the possibility of third party surveillance is always present. It really conveys the authentic risks one undertakes when participating in the latest innovation. Another theory that online gaming illustrates is the constant tension between structure and agency. The government represents structure. As a stable entity, it looks to control the path of Internet gambling by establishing rules and regulations in hopes of creating some order. Internet gambling, on the other hand, is the perfect example of agency. Gambling, in and of itself, is the exact definition of what agency represents: the ability of uncertainty and chaos to influence the parameters through which we live. However, as much as these two concepts seem unrelated, there is an interdependence that spurs the creation of new technologies, not only in the world of online gaming, but throughout the technological landscape. Annotated List of Relevant URLS 1. http://www. playwinningpoker. com/resources/sites2. html : This website is a resource for gamblers.It allows the user to learn new games, find new games, and contact certain people involved with gambling. 2. http://www. gambling. com/best/online-gambling-sites. htm : This website directs users to the best gambling websites on the Internet. It has a list on the left hand side with about sixty different links to other gambling sites. 3. http://www. out-law. com/page-6655 : This website is about illegal activities on the Internet. It contains a few articles on illegal mishaps that have occurred through Internet gambling websites. 4. http://www. becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/08/on_internet_gam. html : Blog that contains articles about Internet gambling. Website constructed by Gary Becker and Richard Posner. 5. http://www. cardplayer. com/blog/entry/179 : Blog that is pro-Internet gambling. Players write their feelings on why they think Internet casinos are fun and exciting. 6. http://www. istoppedgambling. com/ : Website founded to help people with gambling problems. Includes personal stories, how-to instructions, and negative articles about gambling. 7. http://www. nomoregambling. com/ : Website founded to help people with Internet gambling problems. Has a hotline and other medias to help combat irresponsible Internet betting. Works Cited Barker, Thomas Britz, Marjie (2000). Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-first Century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Schwartz G. , David (2003). Suburban Xanadu: The Casino Resort on the Las Vegas Strip and Beyond. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Books, Inc. Volberg A. , Rachel (2001). When the Chips Are Down: Problem Gambling in America. New York, NY: The Century Foundation, Inc. http://www. cato. org/testimony/ct-tb052198. html.

Incentives For The Future Essay -- essays research papers

Economic incentives are instruments that use financial means to motivate polluters to reduce the health and environmental risks posed by their facilities, processes, or products. These incentives provide monetary and near-monetary awards for polluting less and impose costs of various types for polluting more, thus supplying motivation for polluters to change their behavior. The report distinguishes seven basic types of incentives: Pollution charges, fees, and taxes; deposit-refund systems; trading programs; subsidies for pollution control, liability approaches; information disclosure; voluntary programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic incentives offer several advantages that make them attractive environmental management tools. First, economic incentives, in some circumstances, can be structured to achieve larger reductions in pollution than would result from traditional regulations. Second, economic incentives often can control pollution at lower costs than can traditional regulations. Third, the use of economic incentives, in contrast to that of traditional regulations, can more easily control pollution generated by a multitude of small and dispersed sources. Fourth, economic incentives can stimulate technological improvements and innovations in pollution control in situations where traditional regulatory mechanisms may not. Progressive companies are shifting rapidly from an approach of compliance to one of proactive environmental management. The revolution in thinking has gone through three stages: 1) the widespread business practice in the 1960s and 1970s of coping with environmental crises as they occurred and of attempting to control the resulting damage; 2) the reactive mode in the 1980s of struggling to comply with rapidly changing government environmental regulations and minimizing the costs of compliance; 3) the proactive environmental management strategy in the 1990s, through which corporations began to anticipate the environmental impacts of their operations, take measures to reduce waste and pollution in advance of regulation, and find positive ways of taking advantage of business opportunities through total quality environmental management.(4) For many firms, environmental values are now becoming an integral part of their corporate cultures and management processes. In a growing number of com panies, environmental impacts are being audit... ...id- to late-1980s executives in many larger corporations began to realize that waste reduction saved money. The forces described earlier began to push many firms into strategies that went beyond compliance. In the late 1980s proactive environmental management and the total- quality-management movement began to converge. TQM initiatives gave firms unexpected insights into how to make environmental management cost-effective and market-driven. By the beginning of the 1990s, waste minimization programs had been adopted by a diverse group of U.S.- based MNCs, among them Allied Signal, General Dynamics, Dow Chemical, Chevron, Boeing, AT&T, Amoco, General Electric, IBM, Polaroid, and Xerox.(15) Many successful businesses were voluntarily performing internal environmental compliance audits to identify and correct their environmental liabilities, demonstrate good-faith effort, and reduce government pressures. More importantly, the voluntary audits forced businesses to evaluate operating systems, identify the actual cost of controls, and develop environmental performance strategies to eliminate liabilities altogether.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://environ.uiuc.edu/epareport.htm

Leslie Fay Case Essay

The use of financial ratios assists the auditor in analyzing any unusual deviations from the expected results, (Gupta, 2004). The financial ratios are then compared with the entity’s ratios for prior periods as well as with ratios for other businesses in the same industry. A comparison with the industry ratios would have warned BDO of some irregularities in Leslie Fay’s financial statements. BDO Seidman should have been interested some important ratios that would help in determining the accuracy of the financial statements that had been prepared by Polishan and his staff. The important ratios include the liquidity ratios, the profitability ratios and the operating ratios, the leveraging ratios and the solvency ratios. Of higher importance should have been the profitability apart from the gross profitability ratio. An example would be the assets turnover ratio which provides information on the efficiency on how the assets that have been purchased are being utilized. The liquidity ratios would have assisted in knowing if and how the entity was going to repay its liabilities especially in the short term. An important ratio to investors and one that BDO Seidman should have considered is the price/cash flow ratio. This indicates the relationship between the stock price and the operating cash flow. This is considered as the best way to determine the entity’s profits. The capital turnover ratio is an important ratio to compare the sales and the capital employed. A change in the capital turnover ratio would mean a manipulation of sales or one or more of the elements that make part of the capital employed, that is, fixed assets, cash, debtors or inventory. The use of ratios by the auditors is an important but it requires skills and experience in order to get the correct analytical results. Other financial information required during the audit The auditors should have done more testing in the controls of the financial process by a plan to audit other important financial statements such as the cash flow statement and the bank reconciliation statement. The auditors should have also followed the financial transactions that had resulted to the balances in Leslie Fay’s balance sheets and the income statement. This would include conducting tests of control in the transaction cycle. The auditors should have audited Leslie Fay’s sales system, the purchases system, the inventory system, the cash system and the payroll system. In addition to this the auditor should have asked questions about ant subsequent events. Subsequent events are those events that occur in the period between the financial period closing date and the date that the auditors conduct the auditor, both the adjusting and the non-adjusting events. In addition to the balance sheet, the income statement and the ratios, the auditor should have also asked f or the period’s cash flow statement. The cash flow statement is an important tool to investors and the management as it assists them in knowing the financial health of the organization. It is a statement that supports the income statements as there must be a connection between cash sales and credit sales especially if they have not been paid by the end of the financial period. Huge sales in the income statement without corresponding huge cash flow from the organizations operations should raise questions and should be explained by reconciliation. It has a link with the balance sheet as it records ay new cash sales and purchases and other payments. The cash and bank balances can then be verified by a physical cash count for the cash balances and confirmation by the bank through a bank letter that is sent by the auditor. The auditor should also request for the bank reconciliations and explanations for all the cheque shown in the bank reconciliation. A comparison of the ratios by the competing firms would have been importan t to the auditor in discovering the irregular variances. The auditor would have asked for an explanation for the variance as well as the evidence for the explanation figures. A qualified auditor should make wise judgment when planning an audit. The auditor should be inquisitive and should be quick to notice some irregularity in the financial statements. This inquisitiveness should have guided the auditor to understand why Leslie Fay sales increasing while sales in the overall garment industry had been going down. This would have led to the querying by the auditors as to how Leslie Fay was the only garment industry that had not suffered a decline in sales during the late 1980s and early 1990s recessionary period. This in turn would have led to a need to plan an audit on the revenue cycle and tests on the internal controls in relation to the revenue cycle. The auditor should have verified the accuracy and the existence of the figures that were appearing in the income statement as revenue. The verification of the sales system should include authorization of the sales and the accounts recording of these sales (Rittenbergm Et al., 2009). An audit on the sale systems involves ensuring that there is proper authorization of the sales orders, proper matching of customers to these orders, payments and the invoices and the records of goods outwards. An audit plan on revenue and sales system should include verification of any sales figure that appears at the end of the financial period as in most cases, there is a possible risk of fraud or wrong adjustment of figures. It would also include an audit on the sales ledger control account. The sales revenue cycle would involve verification of the discounts to the customers. Had these measures been taken by the BDO Seidman audit firm, the fraud by Kenia would have been discovered earlier. The auditor should have planned to audit the inventory of the organization. Inventory audit is important as it may form substantial and material am ounts in the financial statements. This was the case at Leslie Fay where inventory was more than 30% of total assets in all the years within 1987 to 1991. A plan for inventory audit should emphasize on the existence of the inventory, accuracy and proper disclosure. This should include verifying the cut off whereby the inventory is recorded in the correct financial period. An auditor should plan to attend the client’s inventory physical count which provides the auditor with reliable audit evidence about the existence of this inventory. When planning for the attendance, the auditor should take into consideration the previous year’s physical count procedures, the value of the inventory in comprison with the total assets, and the procedures involved during the counting process. An attendance by BDO Siedman auditors during the inventory physical count at Leslie Fay would have revealed a shortage in the physical count as compared to the recorded figures. The physical count would have detected the irregularities that had been created when Kenia and his colleagues forged inventory tags. Physical inventory counting includes a comparison and recording of the purchase orders, good received notes and delivery notes. This ensures that the goods that are recorded as sales have actually been sold. Regarding the goods in transit, the auditor should plan to get third party confirmation that these goods are in existence and that they are in their premises. The inventory counting should be taken by conducted by personnel who are not daily involved in the inventory. In obtaining the payroll system the auditor would have identified how the remunerations for the executives at Leslie Fay were being calculated. A verification of the payroll system includes the documentation and authorization of the salary changes, the calculation of the salaries and deductions, the payments. The payments should be compared with the cash sent to the bank and money debited to Leslie Fay’s bank accounts. This would have led to the auditors query on the high incentives by the executives. Another important area that should have been audited is the purchases system. This should emphasize on the authorization of the buying process, the custody and existence of the received goods and the recording of these transactions in the accounting books. Close to the purchases system is the accrual control account. To audit the accruals the auditor should have asked for after closing date invoices. This would ensure that all goods received have been recorded properly. Non-financial variables or factors that an auditor should consider when planning an audit and their audit implications. When preparing for an audit, there are some factors that an auditor should take into consideration. This should include the nature of the business, the timing of the audit, and the extent of the risk assessment procedures which is adequate for identifying the risk of material misstatement. After the appointment the auditor should get to know the operations of the client’s business that is being audited. This includes the business operations, the investments and financing, and the financial reporting dates and methods. The auditor should assess the client’s internal controls, the control procedures as well as taking a risk assessment tests. The initial planning should start with the strength and reliability of the internal controls that are in existence. Internal controls assist in the safeguarding of the company assets and investors investments, prevention and detection of fraud. Internal controls are meant to improve efficiency in running a business as risks are identified. The internal controls also do help in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the annual reports as the control systems ensure that the reporting is in compliance with the existing regulations. In assessing the reliability of the internal controls, the auditor will be able to determine the amount of testing that should be taken on the financial statements. Paul Polishan apparently dominated Leslie Fay’s accounting and financial reporting functions and the individuals who were his subordinates. What implications do such circumstances pose for a company’s independent auditors? How should auditors take such circumstances into consideration when planning an audit? A company in which one person is dominating all the accounting and financial reporting would imply that the company may have weak internal controls. When one person is essentially in charge of all the transactions in two departments, it would definitely indicate a set of weak internal controls. Weak internal controls can lead to employees perpetrating fraud, as it did in the Leslie Fay case. Management of the company, not the auditors, are responsible for internal controls. Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley requires that all public companies issue a report on internal control containing: 1) a statement that they are responsible for establishing and maintaining the contr ols and 2) an assessment of the effectiveness of those controls. Recall also that the second GAAS fieldwork standard states that â€Å"The auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal controls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the internal control framework followed by most U.S. companies is the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). More specific to this case, the audit team would have to assume that these circumstances would imply a weak internal control over classes of transactions. Auditors often are more concerned with the transactions rather than the account balances because the transactions will weigh heavily into the correctness of the account balances. The third component of internal control under COSO is control activities. There are several relevant factors under this component. For starters, there was probably not adequate separation of duties. It was said that Polishan ruled the accounting and finance departments. The person whom is responsible for putting out the financial statements and showing the public the financial position of the company should not be the one booking entries. Also, was there proper authorization of transactions and activities? Every transaction had to be run through Paul Polishan, the CFO. This sounds like adequate controls; the problem was that Polishan’s word was final on everything. No one else had any say because of Mr. Polishan’s total authority. Mr. Polishan also had near total authority on financial reporting. The real problem here is when someone has total control over both these functions, opportunities for fraud start to appear. With no one willing to question his positions, he was free to authorize transactions that made the books look better but obviously did not reflect economic actuality. Another aspect is independent checks. Basically, this is reviewing the other areas of control activities. There were likely no checks done in the case of Leslie Fay because Polishan had the final say on all transactions. Even if checks were in place, they were likely done by Polishan. The person responsible for performing the checks should be independent of the person originally responsible for performing the data. Obviously Polishan cannot be independent of himself. It was also mentioned that Mr. Polishan’s overall compensation was tied to the financial performance of the company. He had the motive, ability and means to cover up his fraudulent activity. Another key factor leading to weak internal control was the fact that Polishan’s department was in an entirely different physical location. A lot of the major accounting and financial decisions for this company were being made at a separate building, far away from other key management personal. Now how should auditors take into consideration these circumstances when planning the audit? The audit team will need to obtain and document their understanding of the company’s internal controls. This can be done using a narrative, flowchart, or questionnaire. A narrative seems it would be best if applied here because it will help identify the separation of duties factor. The auditors may then want to perform a walkthrough to make sure what has been written down in the narrative is actually what is performed. In a walkthrough, the auditor selects a few documents and traces them from beginning to end. This way, the auditor can see the entire process involved in every transaction. This type of control may have helped the auditor see just how much influence Polishan had over the accounting area. It could have easily, however, been covered up. However, having the understanding that he had significant influence over finance, and that he oversaw all accounting matters should have raised a red flag. It would be very easy for someone to commit fraud in accounting knowing that they also controlled finance. It seems that the fraud perpetrated in this case would be hard for an auditor to uncover. One person had control over two key departments. He himself never â€Å"got his hands dirty†, yet, always instructed subordinates to follow his instructions. After obtaining proper understanding of internal controls, the auditors must then assess control risk. This involves identifying audit objectives, identifying existing controls, associating controls with related audit objectives and, evaluating control deficiencies, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses. A control deficiency exists if the design or operation of controls does not allow a company to prevent or detect fraud on time. When a control is well designed yet is not carried out well, an operational deficiency exists. In this case, the controls would appear to be in place. All transactions are done at the appropriate level, and are vouched for by the CFO. However, the CFO (Polishan) was forcing incorrect and fraudulent entries. Polishan would force his subordinate Donald Kenia to make then erroneous entries. The process would appear to be appropriate, but in this case fraud was committed at top levels. In general, the independent auditors should see this multi-tiered level of control and it should raise a red flag. They should set some type of testing, such as the walkthrough or narratives to better determine if there is potential for fraud. So much being done and controlled by one man is a red flag. The fact that Leslie Fay was able to maintain high sales and profits while others in the industry struggled was another red flag. These were all key factors that point to poor internal control and potential fraud.

Arthur Millers Life and Influences Essay

Arthur Miller has been one of Americas best known play writers who emerged in the United States since World War II. He has been writing since the age of seventeen and bases his work on personal experiences while attacking political views. One of his best known works is The Death of a Salesman which is about a man named Willy Loman who tries to emerge in the business industry and present a better image of him in society. Another important play is The Crucible which is about the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts where people blame one another of being witches to save themselves. Through his plays, Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, Arthur Miller expresses his own personal life and criticizes the events of the second Red Scare after World War II. As a young adult, Arthur Miller worked in his father’s textile mill and would observe the behaviors of the employees. Miller would analyze his father, relatives or other hired business men working for his father, and saw how these men tried so hard to become successful because some couldn’t even sell anything. He would recognize how fast they would age because of so much work they went through just to try and rise economically. During the 1920s people felt that if they had money they would be accepted by society. If not then no one would care. Like many people Arthur Miller realized that the people in his father’s factory are disillusioned by the fact of becoming rich, successful and beating everyone else at the business game. While working there Miller started writing a short story in which he was influenced by the salesman in the factory. Manny Newman was one of Arthur Miller’s uncles that worked as a salesman in his father’s textile factory and after writing the short story his uncle’s life influenced Miller even more. Newman was often very competitive with the other salesman in the industry, even his own sons Buddy and Abby Loman. Buddy was the oldest son of Newman who was very athletic and popular with the girls but didn’t end up graduating from high school. Abby was his youngest son who was well on his way but still wasn’t sure about his life career. Miller said that â€Å"The Newman house hold was one in which you dared not lose hope and I would later think of it as a perfection of America for that reason†¦ It was a house trembling with resolution and shouts of victories that had not yet taken place but surely would tomorrow. â€Å"(Arthur Miller 3) It describes the disillusionment of the Newman family which later caused Arthur Miller to rewrite his short story, turn into a play and name it The Death of a Salesman. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Death of Salesman, he reflects upon the society he observed and their determination to succeed even when their dream was not going anywhere they wanted it to be. In the play, Miller asserts that â€Å"the underlying struggle of all such dramas is that of the individual attempting to gain his rightful position in society. †(Thompson 1). He compares Willy Loman to Manny Newman, his uncle, and tells the story of the family and his struggle to achieve his American dream of wealth. Like Newman, the character, Willy Loman tries to fit into society because society would not accept him as a failure. â€Å"He has based his own identity and self-worth on social acceptance—on how â€Å"well-liked† he is† (Thompson 2). Willy Loman constantly tried to find ways to sell things or become wealthy but he never succeeded. This causes Willy to feel out of place in society just like Newman and other people who weren’t wealthy in the 1920s because society would not care for the common man. Willy Loman is the biggest symbol in The Death of a Salesman; he is an important figure of society and commits himself to a fake society which blinds him from the values of human experience. In addition through his whole life and career, he has wanted to be wealthy but never succeeded his â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman â€Å"†¦Has completely sold himself to what is at best an anachronistic dream—that anyone can get ahead. This is what he has been brought up to believe, the promise of his mythic (salesman) heroes. † (Gordon 3). This shows how he always compared himself to other wealthy people like his brother and complained how his brother became wealthy but yet he never did when he had the same choice as his brother. He was disillusioned by the fact that he wanted a successful family so he even tried to push his own sons into the business industry because he believed it was the best choice for them. His two sons didn’t want to be salesmen and weren’t even good at it especially his son Biff. Willy worried about who Biff was going to be because he was the oldest and still didn’t have a manageable career or life. â€Å"He commits suicide to give his sons the only thing his society respects—cash. †(Gordon 2). Willy believed that he was more valuable dead than alive and was the only way he could give money to his sons. He wanted them to be recognized in the civilization so killing himself was the only alternative. Using his life insurance he would give money to his family making them wealthy and cceptable in society just like in his â€Å"American Dream†. Miller was also influenced by McCarthyism an important event in history and his life during the 1940s and 50s after world war two. Ever since the end of WWII the United States citizens have been blaming the social unrest on communist. Many people were afraid that the communists would take over and no one knew what communist looked like so they easily blamed people for the smallest things. â€Å"Communist rhetoric became common among displaced workers as well as artist and intellectuals† (McCarthyism 2009). Anybody who questioned or protested against laws in the United States would easily be blamed as a communist because they would be going against their own country. There was a growing paranoia as the time went on and many people wanted to stop communism from spreading which became the central theme of American policy both at home and work. Even then the people had already been losing their rights and privacy â€Å"Smith Act was passed, making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of government. Various loyalty programs designed to weed out communist from jobs in the federal government were put into place†¦ (McCarthyism 2009). The United States was coming into full chaos because even at one point they were blaming European immigrants of being communist because that is where it first emerged. Even many Russians were being deported to keep communism away according to some people and make the United States citizens feel safe and secure. McCarthyism first started with the senator Joseph McCarthy accusing others of being communist to only make himself look better. Joseph McCarthy was not the best senator and had many problems like temperance. Many people did not like him and he was afraid of losing his position so his only alternative was to seem like a hero. â€Å"McCarthy and his allies claimed that communist had infiltrated the government and other institutions†¦the attacks were baseless but nevertheless destroyed the careers of thousands of individuals. †(McCarthyism 2009). Calming others were communist made it look like he was saving the world. Many people were intimidated by McCarthy and some told the truth but McCarthy took the alternative of not believing them because it was more reasonable for some Americans to believe they told a lie instead of the truth. As a result the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created which attacked anybody who was blamed of being communist and Joseph McCarthy was a member of this Committee because he was the first to raise this paranoia even more. He took the advantage of the second Red Scare to make himself seem like a more productive senator. â€Å"HUAC members would browbeat their prey-some of whom were there on the basis of the flimsiest of evidence. Admitting their own past ties to the communist party†¦others who participated with them. (McCarthyism 2009). HUAC had the right to question anybody for any suspicion and invade their privacy. It showed how much America has changed because of some hysteria that people fell into because of a man wanting to be a hero. Arthur Miller was one of the targets of the HUAC members who was committed of being a communist by Joseph McCarthy. Joseph McCarthy often went against artist and other media arts members because they were the ones who often criticized the society in the United States through their media works. Arthur Miller was a playwright and had plays to show his work live during this time and they felt that he projected communism at his own plays. â€Å"He admitted that he had attended a meeting of communist writers, he refused to identify anyone he had met there and denied ever having been a member of the communist party† (Baughman 3). This made Arthur miller realize that the society then was like the society during the Puritan Era when people blamed each other of being witches. This later influenced him to write his book The Crucible a year later after his conviction. Millers The Crucible first started because of the accusations in United States which reflected upon the Salem witch trials in 1692. â€Å"Millers play employs these historical events to criticize the moments in human kinds history when reason and fact became clouded by irrational fears and the desire to place blame for society’s problems on others. †(DISCovering Authross,2003). Puritans accepted accusations and anything that might seem unreal so people could easily tell lies. They wouldn’t take reason into consideration and it involved hunting down and exposing of people suspected of being witches exactly like HUAC hunting down communist. Arthur miller wrote The Crucible as a commentary on McCarthyism then the actual Salem witch trials. Although the book does take place in Massachusetts during the Salem witch trials he wrote the book to show what was wrong with the American society. â€Å"Miller illustrates his conviction that one can assert his â€Å"personality dignity† and â€Å"act against the scheme of things that degrades. † (Gordon 2). Miller expresses that idea through John proctor who won’t cooperate with the court on the witch trails and has his own opinion on what to believe. He doesn’t fall into the ideas that witchcraft is taking over just like Miller doesn’t cooperate with HUAC or falls into the chaos going on in his time period. As a result of this book miller was accused of being a communist again and later left the U. S. because he felt that everything in the society has gone too far and became a British citizen. Through his works we can see how Miller attacks the society that supposedly â€Å"rewards† the people with freedom because it is their right. Miller creates allusions through real life experiences that he has been through which is one of the reasons why his works have been so influential and prestigious. McCarthyism played a big role on The Crucible reflecting a modern society with the old Puritan era society saying that society has and never will change. As for The Death of a Salesman we can see how much the American dream has blinded people to try and achieve something they most likely never will and try to be fake to achieve it. People need to learn to face reality and accept it how it is because many people are lost only because they won’t accept their own.

Why did Tunisia and Egypts governments fall Will they become democracies

Why did Tunisia and Egypts governments fall Will they become democracies For several weeks, between December 2010 and March 2011, the world was treated to a show of uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Unlike the common military coup de tars, citizens of Tunisia and Egypt successfully depose long-ruling dictators through civil demonstrations. It all started in Tunisia in December 2010 when citizens joined a nationwide mass action protesting against President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s oppressive rule.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why did Tunisia and Egypt’s governments fall? Will they become democracies? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A few weeks later, Egyptians joined the dance protesting against President Hosni Mubarak oppressive rule. The results in both countries were the same; citizens through mass action managed to oust long ruling dictators. From an outward look, these countries seemed more developed compared to most African countries. Yet, their citizens bec ame so frustrated and desperate, so much so that they decided to fight for their own course. Therefore, the question is, why did these governments fall? The answer remains the same for both; lack of democracy characterized by dictatorship and oppression. We know of successful non-democratic countries like Iran and China, but the former, their rule was too much of authoritarian. Fortunately, citizens managed to bring down governments they believed were the main obstacle to their democracy. Nevertheless, do these events mark the beginning of democracy in Tunisia and Egypt? This essay, therefore, seeks to answer these two important questions. Reasons for the fall of Tunisia and Egypt’s governments Both Egypt and Tunisia’s governments had several similarities. To begin with, they both had the longest serving presidents in their history. Whereas President Ben Ali had ruled Tunisia for 23 years, President Hosni Mubarak had ruled Egypt for 30 years until the time of the fall of their governments. Their reign was characterized by dictatorship leaving very little space for democracy. However, their reign encouraged development of their nations, no wonder they enjoyed the support of the West. Nevertheless, why did these long-lived governments fall? The fall of Tunisia and Egypt’s governments was caused by both political and economic factors. Of great importance to this essay are the political reasons as discussed below. As had been mentioned, the lack of democracy is to blame for the fall of both Egypt and Tunisia’s governments. Democracy in practice denotes a form of government in which all citizens play an active role in the decision making process (Held, p. 12).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every democratic society must portray the following key elements: popular sovereignty, equality before the law, separation of powe rs, individual freedoms, political tolerance, transparency and accountability, and rule of law (Held, p. 20). Democracy is more than just holding elections (Pipes, par. 2). It demands protection of the minority rights, enhancement of individual and political freedoms, independence of judiciary, political party pluralism, and the development of civil society (Pipes, par. 2). Did Tunisia and Egypt’s governments reflect these principles? Although Tunisia was a constitutional republic that encouraged representation of citizens through multi-party democracy, it had strong characteristic of dictatorship that had negative impact on human rights and freedoms. On the other hand, Egypt was a semi-presidential republic that maintained one-party rule. There were several concerns relating to democracy in both countries. First, both Tunisians and Egyptians expressed their concerns about lack of free elections. In Egypt, there was a growing concern about power inheritance. Credible sources reported that Hosni Mubarak started grooming his son, Gamal Mubarak, way back in 2000 to be his successor after his retirement in 2010 (Sobelman, p. 31). This arrangement was met with sharp criticism from political groups in the country, the majority of which were illegal given the lack of political party pluralism in the country. The possibility of power inheritance triggered the demand for multi-party politics to ensure that elections were free and fair. To the contrary, President Hosni Mubarak amended the constitution to ensure that Gamal would be the only presidential candidate (Sobelman, p. 34). Tunisia, on the other hand, had political party pluralism, but its elections were never free and fair, a strategy that made President Ben Ali remain in office for as long as he wanted. Democracy dictates fair and competitive elections that grant the people a chance to elect the leaders they consider best fit for the office. Power inheritance is an insult to democracy and with the electi ons first approaching and Hosni Mubarak’s health deteriorating; Egyptians would not want to have the same experience as Syria hence they decided to use the power of the majority to change the course of their politics just as Tunisians did. Second, both governments curtailed political freedoms. In Egypt, this was archived through the extension of emergency law. Enacted in 1967 following the Six-Day War, the law suspended individual freedoms including freedom of assembly and freedom of expression (Shehata, par. 23). Under the emergency law, police force was allowed to use excessive force, media houses could be censored, and the government could imprison individuals indefinitely without any proper reason (Shehata, par. 23). This resulted into increased police brutality, and long-term detention without trial. For instance, during a parliamentary election in December 2010, an estimated number of between 5,000 and 10,000 people were detained without trial (Press release, par. 7).Ad vertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why did Tunisia and Egypt’s governments fall? Will they become democracies? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Police brutality was also widespread during Hosni Mubarak’s reign. According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, Egypt recorded 567 cases of police torture, including 167 deaths during the period between 1993 and 2007 (Staff writer, par. 7). With such breach of human rights, it was prudent that citizens would fight for their course. In Tunisia, despite being a multi-party country, Ben Ali’s government thwarted any effort by opposing political parties and civil society to check it. Anybody who criticized the government would risk being detained. President Ben Ali even enacted a ban on political parties deemed unsavory. Such measures curtailed various political freedoms and were a direct insult to democracy. Democracy demands freedom of ass ociation and expression. President Ben Ali’s government must have been too much of a dictatorship and thus oppressive to the citizens. This can explain why Bouazizi’s self-immolation spontaneously caused nationwide protests that resulted into the fall of Ben Ali’s government. Tunisia’s government was sitting on a time bomb waiting to explode and Bouazizi’s self-immolation was like a switch on the circuit. Third, both governments grossly violated freedom of speech as provided for in democracy. President Hosni Mubarak’s reign was marked by frequent media censorship and detention of anybody who expressed any critical view on the operations of the government. This over restriction of the media denied the press a chance to report on government’s wrongdoings. The situation was the same in Tunisia. President Ben Ali’s government restricted media freedom through media regulation and censorships, despite the same government preaching pr ess freedom. Limiting a press is like denying citizens a right to information; a direct insult to democracy. Such levels of oppression must have been too much for citizens of these countries hence the witnessed uprisings that led to the fall of the oppressive governments. Last, Both Tunisia and Egypt’s governments were marred with corruption. Political corruption became the order of day in President Hosni Mubarak’s government with powerful businessmen allied to the ruling party rising to power and monopolizing Egypt’s business sector. As a result, they accumulated wealth and became the core players in Egypt’s economy. This created a perception among Egyptians that the nation’s wealth only benefited businessmen allied to NDP. In Tunisia, the situation was somehow similar. President Ben Ali and his first family ran the nation’s economy for their personal gain. President Ben Ali solely made all the key decisions concerning privatization and inv estment, despite the existence of well-defined liberal economic legislation in the country.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, his first family accumulated wealth in the key sectors of the economy leading to a perception that connections to the first family were necessary for business survival. In 2010, Egypt recorded a Corruption Perception Index of 3.1 whereas Tunisia had a CPI of 4.3 (Corruption Perception Index 2010, results table). The high level of corruption in Hosni Mubarak’s and Ben Ali’s governments angered citizens and hence, the fall of Tunisia and Egypt’s government. Prospects for democracy in Tunisia and Egypt Having outlined the underlying political causes of the fall of Tunisia and Egypt’s governments, I now shift my discussion to the future of these countries. The citizens nonviolently fought and defeated the governments they perceived oppressive and obstacles to their democracy. However, the question remains, could this be a new dawn in Arab world? Will these countries become democracies? From the recent uprisings, everyone would be quick to conclud e that Tunisia and Egypt have started a democratic journey and will soon become democracies. The demonstrations by citizens proved that they are democratic and are aware of their democratic rights. However, understanding the prospects for democracies in these countries requires a deeper understanding of the concept of democracy. From its definition, democracy is a fusion of two important ideologies, i.e., popular sovereignty and freedom (Mandelbaum, par. 3). Freedom as contained in democracy comes in three forms: political liberty, religious liberty, and economic liberty (Mandelbaum, par. 4). Here is where the challenge lays a head for both Egypt and Tunisia. Egypt is extremely Islam with well-organized Muslim groups that pose a threat to full democracy. For instance, Muslim Brotherhood is against religious liberty and rights of women. Should such extremists have access to power, then there will be very little room for liberty in Egypt (Benhenda, p. 10). Tunisia, on the other had, h as made some progress in protecting women’s rights, but is still largely Islam hence may reject religious liberty. These countries may enjoy popular sovereignty exercised through free and fair elections, but popular sovereignty without liberty in not genuine democracy. As Pipes (2011) maintained, democracy is much more than just holding elections (par. 2). Moreover, the establishment of liberty requires such institutions as legal system with impartial courts (Mandelbaum, par. 7) that are unfortunately lacking in both Egypt and Tunisia. A true democracy would mean a complete overhaul of the countries’ judicial system, which may take years to be achieved. Whether this will be possible is still unclear and we can only wait and see. Furthermore, the development of democracy requires free-market economy as have been witnessed in successful democracies in Asia and Latin America. Unfortunately, both Egypt’s and Tunisia’s economies are based on capitalism, whereb y individual’s economic prowess is determined by his political connections contrary to free-market economy hence not fit for democracy (Mandelbaum, par. 10). Nevertheless, both Tunisia and Egypt have some prospects for democracy. The citizens of both countries have proved that they are democrats through the recent uprisings. Egypt does not have many ethnic inclinations or even natural resources that have been the major obstacle to democracy in most Arab countries hence its democratization would be easy. However, Tunisia, have more prospects for democracy than Egypt. First, Tunisian elite have been demanding for political reforms since 1970s. Second, Unlike Egypt, Tunisia has made significant progress in protection human rights especially women’s rights. Third, the country has an extensive middle class that is well aware of their democratic rights hence a good foundation for democracy. Conclusion The uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt made a significant democratic step in t he Arab world. From political point of view, the demonstrations are largely attributed to the apparent lack of democratic space in these countries. As Marxists put it, a lack of democracy encourages thrive of all political vices hence an impetus for uprisings. The success of every nation requires existence of some level of democracy. However, whether Egypt and Tunisia will become democracies is a wait-and-see scenario. From the prevailing conditions, Tunisia has more prospects for democracy compared to Egypt. Benhenda, Mostapha. â€Å"Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground† (2009). Politics, Philosophy Economics, Vol. 10, No 1, 2011. Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Paper No. 09-83. Print. Corruption Perception Index 2010. Transparency International, 2010. Web. Held, David. Models of Democracy (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Print. Mandelbaum, Michel. â€Å"Can Egypt Become a True Democracy?† Project Synd icate, 2011. Web. Pipes, Daniel. â€Å"Why Egypt Will not Soon Become Democratic.† State Brief Blog, 2011. Web. Press release (2010). Egypt: Keep Promise to Free Detainees by End of June: Joint Statement. Amnesty International. Web. Shehata, Samer. Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States. Contemporary Conflicts, 2004. Web. Sobelman, Daniel Gamal Mubarak, President of Egypt? Middle East Quarterly Vol. 8. 2 (2001):  pp.  31–40. Print. Staff writer (2007). Egyptian Police Sued for Boys Death. BBC News. Web.

Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Example

Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Example Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay There are many empirical surveies look intoing the relationship among micro recognition and economic authorization of adult females and are besides supported by theories. However, the consequences are varied as different techniques and informations samples have been adopted. This portion uses an overview of the some of the past surveies, which will do it easy to understand the nature of the relationship among the focal point variables. Literature study gives drumhead of articles in which, the intent of the survey, how it was conducted ( how information was gathered ) and major findings are explained. At the terminal, major findings of the surveies of literature reappraisal are briefly summarized. Economic determination doing consists of inquiries on whether adult females themselves were involved in determinations on outgos for house fix and building, farm animal sale and purchase, borrowing money, and minutess affecting family equipment. Credit promotes adult females to hold greater societal web and holding greater freedom of mobility. Women s micro recognition engagement significantly increases their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption and in make up ones minding how those borrowed financess are expended. Authorization has been defined in many different ways. Harmonizing to Elahi ( 2003 ) , the verb empower has two uses foremost when a individual is given with some authorization or power that, can be given lawfully or officially and that power is given for some specific intent. The noun empowerment agencies either the action of authorising or the province of being empowered. Women Authorization is besides an equivocal term. Mayoux ( 2000 ) discussed how adult females s authorization needs to be an built-in portion of policies. The paper was based on research by the writer and secondary beginning stuff 15 instance surveies form the chief footing of the statements. Authorization can non be assumed to be an automatic result of micro-finance programmes, whether designed for fiscal sustainability or poorness targeting. Harmonizing to Linda Mayoux economic authorization means adult females s entree to nest eggs and recognition that gives them a greater economic function in decision-ma king through their determination about nest eggs and recognition. Access to nest eggs and recognition installations and adult females s determination about what is being done with nest eggs and recognition strengthens adult females s say in economic determinations of the family. This enables adult females to increase outgo on the wellbeing of themselves and their kids. A adult female makes betterment in an economic activity and besides have control over income that is the consequence of entree to microfinance with improved adult females s accomplishments, mobility, and entree to knowledge and back up webs. There is an addition in income from adult females s or household economic activities but control over income by adult females is non at that place. In many instances work forces control the income even from adult females s economic activities and expect adult females to utilize all their income for pre-determined family outgo. Whether Microfinance has a positive or negative impact on adult females, is debateable and controversial. Hulme A ; Mosley ( 1996 ) concluded that, most modern-day strategies are non every bit effectual as they should hold been and that micro-credit is non a Panacea for poverty-alleviation and that inA some instances the poorest people have been made worse-off. Khondkar ( 2001 ) agrees with these decision, peculiarly with mention to adult females authorization. He examined the impacts of recognition on adult females s economic, societal, political and psychological authorization, taking history of the possibility of different impacts on different groups of adult females. The first stage of the sample study included 300 adult females, the 2nd stage of the sample study included 150 adult females and 35 elaborate instance surveies were performed Harmonizing to Khondkar, economic power means entree to income, assets, nutrient, markets and decision-making power in the economic domain. Social power is defined as when a individual has entree to certain bases of single production such as fiscal resources, information, cognition, accomplishments and engagement in societal administrations. Recognition has both positive every bit good as negative effects it depends on who receive it and how utilize it, sometimes it has no impact. As in most instances recognition was unable to alter adult females penchant in respects to accessing the improved nutrient that is available. Limited impact of recognition on betterment of adult females s determination doing power in the economic domain is observed. Merely a few adult females were observed taking portion in determination doing about disbursement household income but that is merely the consequence of non holding any male member within the family. Access to market is necessary to cut down the poorness every bit good as to authorise adult females. Research found that, entree to recognition has non been effectual in authorising adult females economically. On the other manus, assorted other research workers reported positive effects of Microfinance on adult females empowerment. Cheston ( 2000 ) focused on grounds available about impact on adult females, in footings of both public assistance and authorization. Research shows that, adult females spend most of their income on house clasp, hence when they are helped to increase their income, whole household is improved. Authorization is about alteration, pick, and power. It is a procedure of alteration by which persons or groups holding a small power or even with no power additions the power and makes them able to do picks that affect their lives. The construction of power is who has the power, what are the beginnings of power, and how power is put into consequence straight affect the picks that adult females are able to do in their lives. He concluded that, Microfinance plans have important impact on the empowerment procedure. For adult females empowerment, it is necessary that, she has e ntree to stuff, human, and societal resources necessary to do strategic picks in her life. Microfinance empowers adult females by seting capital in their custodies and leting them to gain an independent income. This economic authorization is expected to bring forth increased self-pride, regard, and economic control for adult females donees. The impact of Microfinance vis a vie adult females authorization, has been found to be variable from civilization to civilization. In Ghana, adult females normally control their ain income from their concern. Because adult females are normally responsible for supplying nutrient, vesture, kids s allowances ( pocket money ) and cookery and cleansing supplies. Women earns adequate to assist and to cover male outgos like school fees, rent, furniture, and conveyance, her decision-making power frequently increases. Microfinance is non ever authorising for all adult females but, most adult females do see some grade of authorization as a consequence. When adult females are financially strong and they have economic part in households and communities, it plays a function to authorise them. Mayoux, ( 1998 ) examined the schemes that, increase impact of micro finance programmes on adult females empowerment. Research summarizes the findings of a pilot undertaking funded by Small Enterprise Development Fund of the Department for International Development ( DFID ) of the British authorities, and coordinated by Action Aid UK. Harmonizing to Linda Mayoux, there are many types of micro finance plans that specially focus on adult females. These scope from small-scale programmes based on self-help groups to big poverty-targeted Bankss. The three different attacks to micro-finance and adult females s authorization are identified by the research worker. The fiscal sustainability attack in which authorization is defined in single and economic footings, i.e. non merely increases income but, it is assumed to supply control over such income. The integrated community development attack, in which authorization is defined in footings of a individual being self sufficient plenty that decr eases her exposure. The feminist authorization attack, that is to alter gender dealingss. She analyze the authorization through model that, include power within, power to, power over, power with. She explains power within , as adult females has increased assurance and ill will, adult females is able to take determinations about her and other household members. Power to means adult females increased entree to income, productive assets and family belongings. It besides include, adult females increase in accomplishments and instruction, mobility and market handiness but lessening in load of domestic work including child care, improved wellness and nutrition. Power over include adult females have a control over loan which she borrowed, control over income how to use that, control over productive assets and family belongings, increased ability to find bounds of family ingestion and other valued countries of family decision-making at family and community degrees. Power with agenci es, adult females have increase in webs, ability and willingness to move as function theoretical account for other adult females enterprisers, she is able to increase outgo on girl kids and other female household members, addition in rating of girl kids and other female household members in house and in society, prioritization of proviso of pay employment for other adult females at good rewards. A really important survey was carried out by Heather Montgomery in Pakistan. Montgomery did non happen any important impact of Microfinance on adult females authorization. She discussed the poverty impact of Khushhali Bank s loaning plan in Pakistan by building a control group that is compared with intervention group. The writer made sample of 1538 participants and 260 non-participants in a figure of treatment small towns, where group-lending plans are being run every bit good as indiscriminately selected families from control small towns without a plan. Major findings of the survey are that, Khushhali Bank s micro recognition plan has positive impacts on both economic and societal public assistance of hapless people. Micro finance plan do nt hold important impact on addition in ingestion but it has positive impact on instruction and wellness of kids. Outgo on kids schooling and betterment on wellness has been increased. The highest aggregative impacts of the plan on income generat ing activities were to agriculture. However, no important impact was noticed on adult females authorization. Kabeer ( 2001 ) reached similar decision. She explored the grounds why recent ratings of the empowerment potency of recognition plans for rural adult females in Bangladesh have arrived at really conflicting decisions. Harmonizing to Naila Kabeer, adult females portion their loan sum with their male family member but the male members do nt make so. If loans are directed at adult females instead than work forces so whole household is stronger economically and adult females are empowered personally and socially. Lend to work forces prevent adult females from prosecuting in their ain income-earning activities. The survey provided both quantitative every bit good as qualitative grounds on this. Male borrowers were much more likely to be primary decision-makers in relation to loan usage, endeavor than were female borrowers who were more likely to describe joint decision-making. On the other manus, adult females s entree to recognition does look to hold lessened some of the gender favoritis m in decision-making. Harmonizing to the study, many adult females use a part of loan to heighten their productiveness. Malik A ; Luqman ( 2005 ) besides concluded that, Microfinance did non hold a important impact on Microfinance. The reappraisal paper focused on impact of micro-credit on adult females empowerment. Empowerment involves increased good being, entree to resources, assurance, self-esteem and regard, engagement in decision-making and bargaining power, and increased control over benefits and their ain life. Micro-credit programmes focused on advancing alterations at single degree. Microfinance and micro-credit programmes have a powerful impact on adult females s authorization. But these plans do non ever empower adult females. Some adult females see some grade of authorization because ; it is a complex procedure of alteration and varied from civilization to civilization. The positive impact of micro recognition is that, it increases adult females s ability to do househo ld determinations, addition in self assurance and position in household and community, decrease in domestic force and speed up economic authorization. However, Mahjabeen ( 2007 ) has different positions. Her findings suggest that, microfinance is required for authorising the hapless people. Microfinance can be used as a tool to cut down the spread between rich and hapless and to heighten the life criterions of hapless people. She discussed the public assistance deductions of microfinance establishments ( MFIs ) in Bangladesh in a general equilibrium model. The general equilibrium theoretical account of Bangladesh is based on the information set of the real-financial societal accounting matrix of 1999-2000. The major findings were that, MFIs raise income of all families, addition ingestion of all trade goods by all families, generate employment, cut down income inequality and increase societal public assistance. Mahmud ( 2003 ) besides argued that Microfinance has a important impact on adult females authorization. He used the operational model to re-assess the relationship between engagement in micro recognition programmes and adult females s authorization in rural Bangladesh. Research aim was to see how empowerment can be through micro recognition. Harmonizing to researcher authorization is the consequence of addition in entree to and command over choice-enhancing resources that are under male control, which increases the societal position and value of adult females. The direct accomplishment of authorization is increase in public assistance of adult females, which include the public assistance of other household members peculiarly kids. Immediate accomplishments are outcomes that reflect betterment in both adult females s public assistance and in public assistance in comparing with work forces such as literacy, wellness, nutrition, mortality and morbidity, ingestion, and so on. The long-ru n accomplishment is reduced subordination to work forces ensuing from the alteration of societal, economic and political constructions that constrain adult females s public assistance and support adult females s subordination. Access to household income was greater with regard to little incomes that adult females themselves earn. Womans have a smaller function in determinations about how male incomes will be spent. Women s entree to male incomes increases their function in male determinations ; the determinations sing Crop production outgo were located in the male sphere, nutrient ingestion outgo determinations in the female sphere, with determinations on kids s schooling falling in the common sphere. Access to wellness attention has been taken as an of import determiner for adult females authorization in this survey. There have been researches to measure the impact of microfinance on entree to wellness attention . Kofi Annan articulated that, sustainable entree to microfinance aids relieve poorness by bring forthing income, making occupations, leting kids to travel to school, enabling households to obtain wellness attention, andA authorising people to do the picks that best serve their demands. Begum et Al ( 2000 ) examined the impact of micro recognition on wellness. Harmonizing to research workers increased income lead to better wellness, particularly if it is connected to other societal plans, peculiarly the authorization of adult females. Micro recognition chief intent is to increase income for adult females, peculiarly the poorest of the hapless, bettering the criterion of life, including the wellness of family members. Research shows the direct relationship between ad ult females s increased income from any beginning and the nutritionary position of kids. Economic control improves self-esteem and strengthens adult females s decision-making power in their households. Through micro recognition, adult females gain entree to capital, making the ability to feed, clothe, educate, house, and supply medical attention for their households. When adult females join together in groups their corporate voices become outstanding and they can talk for better wellness and as a consequence they empower their households every bit good as their community. Pitt et al. , ( 2003 ) have endorsed the above decisions. They examined the impact of engagement in group-based recognition plans on the wellness position of kids by gender in rural Bangladesh is observed. The informations come from a 1991/92 study, which includes a particular wellness position faculty incorporating anthropometric steps for kids under the age of 15 old ages in 15 small towns. Harmonizing to research workers, adult females recognition has a big and important impact on the good health of both male child and girl kids. Recognition provided to work forces has no important impact. When adult females have a control on household s resources their kids seem to be in good wellness. Female recognition is estimated to hold big, positive, and statistically important effects on the height-for-age of both male childs and misss. On the contrary, few researches have concluded that, there is no important of Microfinance on authorization and entree to wellness attention installations. Nader ( 2007 ) discussed the impact of micro recognition on socio economic well-being of adult females in Cairo by utilizing primary beginning informations to mensurate the impact of micro recognition plans on donees in Egypt. Harmonizing to Yasmine F. Nader, high correlativity between micro recognition and kids s instruction, income and assets and found that micro recognition does nt better wellness and harmoniousness in the household. Increase in the income is reinserted and invested in the assets which adult females possess, but sometimes the addition is assets is in families and personal assets ( like Television and others ) and non productive 1s. Some adult females use all of their income for ingestion intents. Enhancement of the kids s schooling has a multiplier consequence of giving recognition to adult females. Women give low place to their ain wellness in their precedences. Alternatively, schooling of their kids, feeding the household members and other types of lasting outgos, every bit good as some luxury allowances ( such as purchasing better apparels or amusement ) take precedence. Most adult females still depend on the authorities medical wellness insurance which is free but is by and large non really efficient due to low quality of services offered. Increase in adult females s income and assets played a really of import function in heightening adult females s economic independency and sense of assurance. Schooling of Children is besides an of import determiner of adult females authorization for the intent of this survey. Harmonizing to Pronyk et al. , ( 2007 ) few surveies have examined the consequence of microfinance on entree to instruction. Surveies from Bangladesh shows positive associations between microfinance engagement and rates of schooling but consequences are more in favor of male kids. In Africa, controlled surveies from Uganda besides suggest that engagement in microfinance is associated with increased investing in kids s instruction. However, in a survey conducted by Khandker et al. , ( 2008 ) , the antonym was discovered. The research workers discussed the comparing of the effects of immature adult females s engagement through some results that includes birthrate, add-on in assets, labour supply, and family results such as one-year per capita outgo and kids s schooling, with those for older adult females who participated in these plans. Paper was based on information s from the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies World Bank ( BIDS-WB ) study of 1991-92 and 1998-99. Fixed effects least squares appraisal is used to difference out any clip invariant unseen properties that drive choice into the plan either at the small town or the single degree. Young adult females have a higher demand for recognition than older adult females. There is no impact of plan engagement on kids s schooling or adult females s labour supply particularly in instance of immature adult females. In instance of older adult females, microcredit additions enrolment rate among boies and girls. Women s adoption has a positive impact on family per capita outgo. Another really of import determiner of adult females authorization is mobility and entree to market . Pit et Al ( 2006 ) focused on authorising adult females through micro finance and 1,798 families were interviewed that were indiscriminately drawn from 87 small towns of 29 thanas ( police Stationss ) in rural Bangladesh. Harmonizing to research workers female recognition affects the mobility/networking of adult females and in few instances married woman travels entirely outside the house. Economic determination doing consists of inquiries on whether adult females themselves were involved in determinations on outgos for house fix and building, farm animal sale and purchase, borrowing money, and minutess affecting family equipment. Women s authorization is multifaceted. Women s engagement in micro recognition significantly increases their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption and in make up ones minding how recognition is to be spent and where to pass. A married woman largely spends money for four major classs: lodging fix, livestock purchase, family loans, and land/equipment minutess. In all four classs, female recognition affects adult females s liberty sing determination devising. Research shows that adult female spends money in every class except land/equipment minutess. Credit plans help adult females to hold a greater function in family determination doing so they have greater entree to fiscal and economic resources. Credit promotes adult females to hold greater societal web and holding greater freedom of mobility. Another survey by Sharma endorses these positions. Sharma ( 2007 ) examined the effects of adult females s engagement in group-based micro-credit plans. The informations came from a particular study carried out in hill and terai in 2004-2006 of Nepal. Harmonizing to Puspa Raj Sharma adult females s engagement in micro-credit plans helps to increase adult females s authorization. Credit plan engagement leads to adult females taking a greater function in family decision-making, holding greater entree to fiscal and economic resources, holding greater societal webs, holding greater dickering power compared with their hubbies, and holding greater freedom of mobility. Female recognition besides tended to increase bridal communicating in general about household planning and parenting concerns. For the intent of this survey, Asset Purchase and Control has besides been considered as a determiner. Galab A ; Rao ( 2003 ) focused on the adult females who joined the SHGs of Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas ( DWCRA ) to analyze the features of adult females based group theoretical accounts of poorness relief and adult females empowerment that are being implemented in the province and part of these theoretical accounts to poverty relief and adult females authorization. Harmonizing to research workers adult females were able to better control over their labour, resources ( salvaging, recognition and income ) , and move and interact with others, leading, and picks related to reproduction, to some extent after taking micro recognition. The degrees of income of families have besides increased in all the classs of participants of the SHGs. The adult females acquired some non-land assets ; wellness, nutrition and instruction position of kids has improved. The adult fe males were able to run into their basic demands to some extent. The adult females have become more confident and independent under all the theoretical accounts. The determination about Savings is highly of import, when it comes to adult females authorization. Basu ( 2006 ) focused on adult females empowerment with regard to command of nest eggs, control of income, control over loans, control over buying capacity and household planning in some sample families in Hooghly territory of West Bengal. The analytical model of the survey is based on Nash Bargaining Game theoretic theoretical account. This was an empirical survey based on 100 SHG members in the Hooghly territory, West Bengal in 2006. Womans were asked about four economic issues. The issues were: ( 1 ) house fix and building, ( 2 ) farm animal sale and purchase, ( 3 ) adoption money, and ( 4 ) minutess affecting family equipment. For the last three issues about half of respondents answered that they and their hubbies jointly decided on the issue and implemented the action together. For the issue of lodging repair/construction adult females were able to take determination. There were me rely a few instances in which adult females take determination about above all four issues and besides implement them. Merely a few adult females reported that, they have entire independent control over money. Ample figure of adult females has their ain independency but holding a low degree of control over their nest eggs. Micro finance plan does non explicate the strong signifier of adult females empowerment instead it is weak signifier of adult females authorization. However, Khan and Rehman have expressed wholly different positions in this respect and have established that, MF has positive impact on nest eggs. Khan A ; Rahaman ( 2007 ) discussed the impact of microfinance on the hapless people of the society with chief focal point on Bangladesh. The aim of survey is to demo how microfinance works, by utilizing group loaning methodological analysis for cut downing poorness and how it affects the populating criterion ( income, salvaging etc. ) of the hapless people. One of the most of import facets of microfinance is savings mobilisation, sample was chosen based on the random sampling technique, from one territory ( Chittagong ) in Bangladesh. Harmonizing to research worker microfinance has positive impact on the criterion of life of hapless people and on their life manner. It has non merely helped hapless people to come over the poorness line, but has besides helped them to authorise themselves. They were able to increase their income and provid ed non merely with fiscal aid to their households but besides had positive impact on other factors of day-to-day life. These hapless adult females brought about a positive alteration to their fiscal and societal state of affairs and started taking active portion in the determination doing procedure of the household and society. The consequences sing the success of increased function in determination devising procedure in the household, reveals that microfinance plans are extremely associated to construct up of societal and economic authorization. Major findings of old surveies are that, for adult females empowerment, it is necessary that she has entree to the stuff, human, and societal resources necessary to do strategic picks in her life. Microfinance empowers adult females by seting capital in their custodies and leting them to gain an independent income. Recognition has both positive every bit good as negative effects, it depends on who receive it and how utilizes it. Sometimes it has no impact. Women s engagement in micro recognition additions their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption. Credit plan engagement, leads to adult females taking a greater function in family decision-making ; holding greater entree to fiscal and economic resources ; holding greater societal webs ; holding greater dickering power compared with their hubbies and holding greater freedom of mobility. The degrees of income of families have besides increased acquisition of some non-land assets ; wellness, nutrition and ins truction position of kids has improved. Negative impact of micro recognition was of extremely restrictive environment for adult females along with the increased work load and duties as a consequence of their engagement in income generating activities other than their traditional duties. Microfinance is non ever authorising for all adult females, most adult females do see some grade of authorization. Micro recognition has become one of the most of import tools used to cut down poorness and to increase well-being of household. 3.1 Research Gap Although surveies have been conducted to analyze impact of Micro Finance, nevertheless small or no research has been done to determine whether Microfinance or Micro-credit has had a important positive or negative impact on the authorization of hapless rural adult females in Pakistan. Research Methodology This portion is divided in to two subdivisions. First subdivision is about the hypothesis of the research and the 2nd subdivision is about research design inside informations which include type of research, survey scenes, survey participants, mark group profile, trying technique, instrument development and techniques for informations analysis. Different methodological analysiss have been used to carry on such Impact Analysis Studies. It is hard to follow a standard methodological analysis for impact appraisal, as it is every bit much an art as a scientific discipline ( Little, 1997 cited in Hulme, 2000 ) and is a strenuous exercising. 4.1 Hypothesis The purpose of the survey is to seek empirical grounds to analyze the undermentioned hypothesis ; Null Hypothesis MF has a significantly positive impact on authorization of rural adult females in Pakistan. Alternate Hypothesis MF has a significantly negative / no impact on authorization of rural adult females in Pakistan. Research Questions Are hapless rural adult females empowered to make up ones mind about taking and.utilizing loans without their hubby s / household members intervention? Are hapless rural adult females empowered to do amp ; implement economic determinations related disbursement, ingestion, investings, sale / purchase of family / concern assets etc? Are hapless rural adult females empowered to do determinations about accessing other fiscal services ( salvaging e.g. ) ? Research design inside informations Following are the constituents of the research. 4.2.1 Type of Research This survey is descriptive in nature, which intended to entree the impact of KBL micro recognition plan on the economic authorization of adult females. This is quantitative research that is through questionnaire. Study Settings Study is based on secondary every bit good as primary informations. Secondary information is collected to research the subject every bit good as to acquire the maximal available information about micro recognition and its impact on economic authorization of adult females. Primary information is gathered to back up the secondary informations and for this intent detailed study was conducted to acquire the information. Study Participants Profile The participants of study are adult females clients of Khushhali Bank Ltd. The participants were selected from the adult females clients of bank from Chakwal. 4.2.3.1 Demographics Harmonizing to the 1998 nose count of Pakistan the entire population of Chakwal was 1,083,725 of which 12.01 % merely were urban doing Chakwal the most rural territory in Punjab. Chakwal is fundamentally an agribusiness country about 70 % of its population is engaged in agribusiness. A little per centum of population is engaged in banking, wellness, instruction and industrial sector. The folk, kins and castes that inhabit this country are the Awans, Jats, Bhutta, Mair Minhas Rajputs, Jalaps, Kahuts, Mughal, Kassar, Pathans, Janjua Rajputs, Bhatti, Gujars, Gondals, Syeds, Arains, Butts and the Punjabi Sheikhs. 4.2.3.2 Psychographics of Respondents The frock which work forces, adult females and kids wear is really simple as work forces by and large wear shalwar kameez or dhoti kurta and adult females by and large wear shalwar kameez with dupatta. The nutrient which is consumed by the people of chakwal is besides simple. In rural chakwal veggies, meat etc is cooked in ghee or butter is eaten with rotti ( staff of life ) . The physical characteristics of the territory, its folks, its society and its economic system all combine to do Chakwal one of the chief recruiting countries for the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Air Force. Other chief businesss of the people are agriculture and excavation. Transport and domestic fowl concern is besides of import. 4.2.4 Sampling Technique Sampling methodological analysis adopted for informations aggregation is non chance trying method named as convenience trying method. Every adult female who is current or old client of Khushhali Bank Chakwal Branch was included in the sample. The sample for the survey was the taken from above mentioned population. Time restraint has prevented from appraising a larger population. 4.2.5 Sample Size 100 adult females clients of Khushhali bank who belongs to rural Chakwal. Almost all are from hapless ( below poorness line / non-tax remunerator ) backgrounds. All have taken loan from the Bank. 4.2.6 Distribution of Sample Table 4.1 Distribution of Sample Areas Number of clients Chakwal ( Adjoining small towns ) 40 Sadwal 10 Marath 16 Janga 12 Mehro Pelo 8 Bullay Bala 6 Fam Kasar 8 Entire 100 Sample Selection All respondents satisfy the undermentioned standards. Age 18 to 58 Married Womans Respondent s income less than nonexempt income Holders of National Identity Card ( NIC ) Either a lasting occupant of the country or a occupant for at least two old ages 4.2.8 Clause for Replacement of Respondent Following steps were taken in instance selected respondents decline to make full questionnaires An attempt was made to actuate by briefing the aims of the study and bespeaking to suit the interview at some other clip In other fortunes a family adult females is replaced by bordering family adult females in instance all the group members are absent from the house. Time Horizon The information for this peculiar survey is collected over period of 2 months. The whole research is based on both secondary informations and study to acquire the sentiment and perceptual experience of clients sing economic authorization. Evidence of Research Datas In order to turn to this Impact Analysis Study, both primary and secondary information was gathered.. Secondary Datas Initially secondary informations was collected, to determine if a similar research had been conducted before and what were the findings. This would put base for research. Data would be collected from books, diaries, articles, cyberspace etc. Relevant and utile stuff would be included in Literature reappraisal. Although, some similar studies were available, but were largely conducted in other states. There is barely any research, which focuses peculiarly on adult females economic authorization in Pakistan. Primary Data Primary Data was collected via studies, interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted separately every bit good as in groups. Structured and unstructured inquiries were asked. Data Collection Survey scheme was used to garner qualitative and quantitative informations. Pakistan Microfiance Network s quarterly study was a good beginning of secondary quantitative informations. Some quantitative information was besides available with MFIs. There are a few Impact Analysis studies available ( Montgomery, 2005 /2006 e.g. ) , although they are non straight focussed on adult females, but still transport some utile information. As for primary informations, countries visited during research procedure included Semi-Urban Chakwal, Sadwal, Marath, Janga, Mehro pelo, Fam Kasar, Bullay Bala. So from the above mentioned sample of specified population, questionnaires have been filled out. Personal aid was besides provided, wheresoever required as respondents were non educated plenty to understand as most of the respondents were illiterate. Every respondent took about 15 to 25 proceedingss to reply all inquiries. Questionnaires and Interviews Most of the primary information was qualitative in nature and was collected through studies, structured interview and questionnaires. A sensible sample of about a 100 adult females was selected, from different geographic location and background. There were nevertheless opportunities of choice prejudice ( Hulme, 2000 ) , hence sample was carefully selected. The inquiries were in the closed, list, class, ranking and evaluation graduated tables in easy local linguistic communication, get downing with easy to more complicated inquiries. The advantage of utilizing questionnaires, are that, the research worker is easy able to garner significant information in lesser clip. The questionnaires have to be carefully worded to avoid inquiring personal or sensitive inquiries as they may pique the respondent ( Saunders, et Al. 2007 ) . Since pre-determined questionnaires can be inflexible at times ( Saunders, et Al. 2007 ) semi-structured and un-structured interview were conducted from more antiphonal and willing respondents. Systematic and good organized inquiries that will give responses to the inquiries raised andA furthermore test the hypothesis. The advantage is that some respondents may experience more comfy in an synergistic session ; they might be loath to supply the same information on paper. Besides communicating spread and misunderstood responses can be avoided and new countries may be explored. The information gathered is more realistic. Disadvantages are that, such Sessionss are more clip consuming. The major restriction is the distant location of research country. Another issue with questionnaires and interview is that, adult females are loath to supply information peculiarly to male research workers. After literature reappraisal on micro finance, a study questionnaire ( see in appendix ) was developed. The questionnaire comprised of two parts. First portion was related to personal informations or demographics of respondents and 2nd part was related to micro recognition and its impact on economic authorization of adult females. In study questionnaire different types of graduated tables has been used. Respondents were required to rank or tag each inquiry harmonizing to way given in the questionnaire. Questionnaire wholly covered all the variables and sub factors of each variable affecting in survey. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire was prepared on following footing Survey aims Ease in conductance Adaptability for informations input and quantitative analysis The questionnaires so translated in Urdu. Questionnaires consist of 44 inquiries. First part consist of personal information like age, matrimonial position instruction degree and answering country, loan rhythm, intent of loan. Section1 Personal information 7 points Section 2 Income and control over income 4 points Savingss and control over salvaging 5 points Education of kids 8 points Control over loan 2 points Health 7 points Control over assets 4 points Market handiness 7 points Alpha Reliability Dependability and cogency of questionnaire was checked through Cronbach s alpha which was 0.654. A pilot survey was conducted before the aggregation of concluding informations in order to look into the cogency and dependability of the questionnaire. Pilot trial was run on 15 respondents who are adult females clients of Khushhali Bank Chakwal. 4.4 Data Gathering A ; Analysis Data was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Graphs, chart, tabular arraies etc would be used to stand for informations. The responses were statistically tested by utilizing e.g. standard divergence or qi square etc. , depending on the information retrieved. To this terminal, I used the SPSS ( statistical bundle for societal scientific discipline ) version 13.0 package to cipher the statistical step and so consequences were to be analyzed by cross tabular matter of informations. Earlier, I was be aftering to utilize Multiple Regression Analysis but it was non used, as it has been seldom used in Microfinance as it requires immense informations on other possible causal factors and its premises ( Mosley, 1997 ) . 4.5 Resources Time Bing a parttime pupil, clip is scarcest. In order to track deliverables, I have prepared ( attached as Appendix 2 ) a Gantt Chart. Travel The interviewer travelled to the research country. Assistants / Peoples I took aid from former co-workers at MFIs. I was besides supported by my supervisor. If possible, I shall besides make out the mark clients. Literature I have been on a regular basis confer withing books, articles, diaries, documents and electronic informations. Cost It included the cost of stationary and postage. The questionnaires were photocopied and sent to Pakistan and so received once more. Expenses were besides incurred in set uping field visits. Consideration of Risks The impact of Micro Finance / Micro recognition can be observed over a long period of clip. If a adult female client is in 1st or 2nd loan rhythm, the impact might non be every bit important as clients in 5th rhythm. Coleman ( 2002 ) , Alexander ( 2001 ) and Hashemi ( 1997 ) suggest that, since Micro Finance clients already have initial advantages over non-clients, the impact will be overestimated if these initial prejudices are non controlled for. Since most of the loans are extended in the signifier of groups and non persons, there are opportunities of sample prejudice. ( Montgomery, 2005 ) The impact of a Micro Finance programme besides depends on internal factors such as loan sum, involvement rate, continuance of loan, client choice, use of loan, merchandise quality and external factors such as degree of poorness and rising prices, economic conditions, political conditions etc. Harmonizing to Woller et Al ( 2002 ) , despite a battalion of surveies devoted to the subject, the impact of microfinance plans remains an intensely debated issue. The consequences may differ from clip to clip. There is besides hazard of ascription A ; exchangeability ( Hulme, 2000 ) , that needs to be controlled. Ethical Issues Confidentiality Pakistan is a spiritual and conservative society where adult females are loath to speak and go through on their family information freely to unknown work forces. Although some informations was accessible through Pakistan Microfinance Network, nevertheless, some MFIs and authorities sections are loath to portion informations, particularly that of adult females clients. The respondents had to be informed before carry oning the research ( Hulmes, 2000 ) , nevertheless it made few clients loath to take portion in the study. The respondents were approached, largely in their places. The respondents were voluntary in order to hold honest replies. They were briefed about the nature of survey being carried out. Participants were assured that their responses would be confidential.